Event Impact Assessment

Theory and methods for event management and tourism

Donald Getz

• Publisher: Goodfellow Publishers
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781911635048, 9781911635031
• eBook ISBN: 9781911635055
• Topic: Business
• Subtopic: Hospitality, Travel & Tourism Industry
• Index: Business

Impact assessment can be highly technical and complex, requiring a broad knowledge base and diverse skills, but like evaluation, it is a process fraught with philosophical, technical and political perils. Why is it done, by whom, and how, must be carefully planned. Impacts cannot always be 'proven', so the nature of evidence becomes critical. Accordingly, a strong theoretical base is needed by all IA practitioners. Whilst economic impacts have received a great deal of attention, with sufficient material available to guide all applications, for social, cultural and environmental IA the theory and practice has lagged. In the context of Triple Bottom Line, social responsibility and sustainability approaches most of the available literature is on normative goals (such as going green, meeting sustainability standards), the nature of positive and negative impacts (a descriptive approach or based on public input), or theory about how impacts occur; very little theory development or praxis has been directed at impact assessment for these applied fields. In response to this lack of information, Event Impact Assessment is the first text to: • Develop professionalism for IA and evaluation in these applied management fields. • Position impact assessment within sustainability and responsibility paradigms. • Recommend goals, methods and measures for planning, evaluation and impact assessment pertaining to events and tourism. • Encourage the adoption of standard methods and key performance indicators in evaluation and impact assessment in order to facilitate valid comparisons, benchmarking, reliable forecasts, transparency and accountability. • Provide concepts and models that can be adapted to diverse situations. • Connect readers to the research literature through use of Research Notes and provision of additional readings. This text also works well as a companion text to Event Evaluation: Theory and methods for event management and tourism. The Events Management Theory and Methods Series examines the extent to which mainstream theory is being employed to develop event-specific theory, and to influence the very core practices of event management and event tourism. Each compact volume contains overviews of mainstream management theories and methods, examples from the events literature, case studies, and guidance on all aspects of planned-event management. They introduce the theory, show how it is being used in the events sector through a literature review, incorporate examples and case studies written by researchers and/or practitioners, and contain methods that can be used effectively in the real world. Series editor: Donald Getz. With online resource material, this mix-and-match collection is ideal for lecturers who need theoretical foundations and case studies for their classes, by students in need of reference works, by professionals wanting increased understanding alongside practical methods, and by agencies or associations that want their members and stakeholders to have access to a library of valuable resources.

Table of contents

• Cover
• 1 Basic Concepts and Definitions
• 2 Theory
• 3 Impact Assessment Process, Measures and Methods
• 4 Social Impact Assessment
• 5 Cultural Impacts
• 6 Built Environment
• 7 Ecological Impacts
• 8 Economic Impact Assessment
• 9 Conclusions
• References
• Figure 1.1: Categories and examples of evaluation and impact assessment
• Figure 1.2: Key definitions
• Figure 1.3: Impact variables and some key questions to ask (heuristics for IA)
• Figure: 1.4: Additional concepts and definitions
• Figure 1.5: Four applications of IA for events and tourism
• Figure 1.6: Mitigation defined
• Figure 1.7: The subjects and objects of impact assessment
• Figure 2.1: Outcomes System Model Adapted From Duignan
• Figure 2.2: Logic model for event and tourism evaluation and impact assessment
• Figure 2.3: Theory of Change model
• Figure 2.4: Types of evidence and related data and possible applications
• Figure 2.5: The Forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model
• Figure 3.1: Four IA planning processes compared
• Figure 3.2: Methods discussed in this book
• Figure 3.2: Sample IA matrix for event impact forecasting (showing optional types of information that can be included in each cell)
• Figure 3.3: Illustration of a Rapid Impact Assessment
• Figure 3.4: Two Simple impact scenarios for a new sport arena
• Figure 3.6: Sample decision tree
• Figure 4.1 (A): Personal and family impacts, with sample methods and indicators
• Figure 4.1 (B): Special cases of impacts on individuals
• Figure 4.1 (C): Social impacts on social groups and sub-cultures
• Fig. 4.1 (D): Social impacts on events and event organisations
• Fig 4.1 (E): Social impacts on communities and cities
• Figure 4.1 (F): Social Impacts on Businesses
• Fig. 4.1 (G): Social impacts on tourist destinations
• Fig. 4.1 (H): Social impacts on politics and government
• Fig 4.1 (I): Social impacts on society as a whole or the nation
• Figure 4.3: Elements In the SIA process (forecasting and retrospective)
• Figure 4.4: Suggested questions and format for examining perceived impacts of events and tourism by residents or other stakeholders
• Figure 4.5: Indicators for measuring the social-capital outcomes of events
• Figure 4.6: Elements of social capital and suggested indicators
• Figure 5.1 (A): Cultural impacts on individual and families (residents)
• Figure 5.1 (B): Impacts on groups and sub-cultures
• Figure 5.1 (C): events and event organisations
• Figure 5.1 (D): Cultural impacts on businesses
• Figure 5.1 (E): Communities and cities
• Figure 5.1 (F): Tourist destinations
• Figure 5.1 (G): Politics and government
• Figure 5.1 (H): Whole cultures or nations
• Figure 5.2: Mind mapping for consultations in CIA
• Figure 5.3: Assessing cultural impacts of events on individuals and communities or society (Adapted from: http://www.culturaldevelopment.net.au/outcome)
• Figure 6.1 (A): Individuals and Families
• Figure 6.1 (B): Groups and sub-groups
• Figure 6.1 (C): Goals for events and event organisations
• Figure 6.1 (D): Goals for impacts on businesses
• Figure 6.1 (E): Goals for impacts on communities and cities
• Figure 6.1 (F): Goals for impacts on tourist destinations
• Figure 6.1 (G): Goals for impacts on politics and government
• Figure 6.1 (H): Goals for the nation
• Figure 6.2: Place making, place marketing, positioning, image, reputation and branding
• Figure 6.3: Media goals, methods and indicators
• Figure 7.1: Event settings spectrum and key impact variables
• Figure 7.2 (A): Goals for individuals and families (residents)
• Figure 7.2 (B): Goals for groups and sub cultures
• Figure 7.2 (C): Goals for events and event organisations
• Figure 7.2 (D): Goals for businesses
• Figure 7.2 (E): Goals for communities and cities
• Figure 7.2 (F): Goals for tourist destinations
• Figure 7.2 (G): Goals for politics and government
• Figure 7.2 (H): Goals for society as a whole; the nation
• Figure 7.4: Forecasting environmental impacts for a new arena and an indoor event
• Figure 8.1: Major economic development and growth goals and specific objectives
• Figure 8.2: Major economic costs and negative impacts
• Figure 8.3 (A): Economic impacts on individuals and families (residents)
• Figure 8.3 (B): Economic impacts on social & cultural groups
• Figure 8.3 (C): Events and event organisers
• Figure 8.3 (D): Community And City
• Figure 8.3 (E): Economic Impacts on Businesses
• Figure 8.3 (F): Economic impacts on tourism destinations
• Figure 8.3 (G): Politics and government
• Figure 8.3 (H): Economic impacts on society as a whole, or the nation
• Figure 8.4: The direct and indirect contribution of event tourism
• Figure 8.5: Key definitions for economic IA
• Figure 8.6: Special considerations for types of events and their economic impacts
• Figure 8.7: Sample summary of the economic contribution of an event (adapted from EventImpacts (economictoolkit)
• Figure 9.1: Sample key impact indicators for the evaluation of benefits and costs
• Figure 9.2: The BACE model
• Figure 9.3: A framework to identify winners and losers
• Figure 9.4: Four scenarios to evaluate impacts