Politics in Commercial Society

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith

Istvan Hont, Béla Kapossy, Michael Sonenscher

• Publisher: Harvard University Press
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN: 9780674967700
• eBook ISBN: 9780674286177
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Economic Theory
• Index: Politics & International Relations

Scholars normally emphasize the contrast between the two great eighteenth-century thinkers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith. Rousseau is seen as a critic of modernity, Smith as an apologist. Istvan Hont, however, finds significant commonalities in their work, arguing that both were theorists of commercial society and from surprisingly similar perspectives.

In making his case, Hont begins with the concept of commercial society and explains why that concept has much in common with what the German philosopher Immanuel Kant called unsocial sociability. This is why many earlier scholars used to refer to an Adam Smith Problem and, in a somewhat different way, to a Jean-Jacques Rousseau Problem. The two problems—and the questions about the relationship between individualism and altruism that they raised—were, in fact, more similar than has usually been thought because both arose from the more fundamental problems generated by thinking about morality and politics in a commercial society. Commerce entails reciprocity, but a commercial society also entails involuntary social interdependence, relentless economic competition, and intermittent interstate rivalry. This was the world to which Rousseau and Smith belonged, and Politics in Commercial Society is an account of how they thought about it.

Building his argument on the similarity between Smith's and Rousseau's theoretical concerns, Hont shows the relevance of commercial society to modern politics—the politics of the nation-state, global commerce, international competition, social inequality, and democratic accountability.

Table of contents

• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Editors’ Introduction
• A Note on the Text
• 1. Commercial Sociability: The Jean-Jacques Rousseau Problem
• 2. Commercial Sociability: The Adam Smith Problem
• 3. Histories of Government: Which Comes First, Judges or the Law?
• 4. Histories of Government: Republics, Inequality, and Revolution?
• 5. Political Economy: Markets, House holds, and Invisible Hands
• 6. Political Economy: Nationalism, Emulation, and War
• Index