Glass-Ceramic Technology

Wolfram Holand, George H. Beall

• Publisher: Wiley-American Ceramic Society
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9781119423690
• eBook ISBN: 9781119423706
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

An updated edition of the essential guide to the technology of glass-ceramic technology

Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glass and more traditional crystalline ceramics. The revised third edition of Glass-Ceramic Technology offers a comprehensive and updated guide to the various types of glass-ceramic materials, the methods of development, and the myriad applications for glass-ceramics. Written in an easy-to-use format, the book includes an explanation of the new generation of glass-ceramics.

The updated third edition explores glass-ceramics new materials and properties and reviews the expanding regions for applying these materials. The new edition contains current information on glass/glass-ceramic forming in general and explores specific systems, crystallization mechanisms and products such as: ion exchange strengthening of glass-ceramics, glass-ceramics for mobile phones, new glass-ceramics for energy, and new glass-ceramics for optical and architectural application. It also contains a new section on dental materials and twofold controlled crystallization. This revised guide:

• Offers an important new section on glass/glass ceramic forming
• Includes the fundamentals and the application of nanotechnology as related to glass-ceramic technology
• Reviews the development of the various types of glass-ceramic materials
• Covers information on new glass-ceramics with new materials and properties and outlines the opportunities for applying these materials

Written for ceramic and materials engineers, managers, and designers in the ceramic and glass industry, the third edition of Glass-Ceramic Technology features new sections on Glass/Glass-Ceramic Forming and new Glass-Ceramics as well as expanded sections on dental materials and twofold controlled crystallization.

1
Principles of Designing Glass‐Ceramic Formation

1.1 Advantages of Glass‐Ceramic Formation

Glass‐ceramics have been shown to feature favorable thermal, chemical, biological, and dielectric properties, generally superior to metals and organic polymers in these areas. Moreover, glass‐ceramics also demonstrate considerable advantages over inorganic materials, such as glasses and ceramics. The large variety of compositions and the possibility of developing special microstructures should be noted in particular. It goes without saying that these advantageous properties assure the favorable characteristics of the glass‐ceramic end products.

As the name clearly indicates, glass‐ceramics are classified between inorganic glasses and ceramics. A glass‐ceramic may be highly crystalline or may contain substantial residual glass. It is composed of one or more glassy and crystalline phases. The glass‐ceramic is produced from a base glass by controlled crystallization. The new crystals produced in this way grow directly in the glass phase, and at the same time slowly change the composition of the remaining glass.

The synthesis of the base glass represents an important step in the development of glass‐ceramic materials. Many different ways of traditional melting and forming, as well as sol–gel, chemical vapor deposition, and other means of production of the base glasses are possible. Although the development of glass‐ceramics is complicated and time consuming, the wide spectrum of their chemical synthesis is useful for achieving different properties.

The most important advantage of the glass‐ceramic formation, however, is the wide variety of special microstructures. Most types of microstructures that form in glass‐ceramics cannot be produced in any other material. The glass phases may themselves demonstrate different structures. Furthermore, they may be arranged in the microstructure in different morphological ways. Crystal phases possess an even wider variety of characteristics. They may demonstrate special morphologies related to their particular structures, as well as considerable differences in appearance depending on their mode of growth. All these different ways of forming microstructures involve controlled nucleation and crystallization, as well as the choice of parent glass composition.

Glass‐ceramics demonstrating particularly favorable properties were developed on the basis of these two key advantages, that is, the variation of the chemical composition and of the microstructure. These properties are listed in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 and are briefly outlined in the following sections.

Table 1.1 Particularly favorable properties of glass‐ceramics.

Processing properties Rolling, casting, pressing, spin, casting, press‐and‐blow method, and drawing are possible Limited and controllable shrinkage No porosity in monolithic glass‐ceramics Thermal properties Expansion can be controlled as desired, depending on the temperature, with zero or even negative expansion being coefficient of thermal expansion possible High temperature stability Optical properties Translucency or opacity Photoinduction is possible Pigmentation Opalescence, fluorescence Chemical properties Resorbability or high chemical durability Biological properties Biocompatibility Bioactivity Mechanical properties Machinability High strength and toughness Electrical and magnetic properties Isolation capabilities (low dielectric constant and loss of high resistivity and breakdown voltage) Ion conductivity and superconductivity Ferromagnetism

Table 1.2 Particularly favorable combinations of properties of glass‐ceramics (selection).

• Mechanical property (machinability) + thermal properties (temperature resistance) • Thermal property (zero expansion + temperature resistance) + chemical durability • Mechanical property (strength) + optical property (translucency) + favorable ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Introduction to the Third Edition
• History
• 1 Principles of Designing Glass‐Ceramic Formation
• 2 Composition Systems for Glass‐Ceramics
• 3 Microstructure Control
• 4 Applications of Glass‐Ceramics
• 5 Future Directions
• Appendix A: Twenty‐one Figures of 23 Crystal Structures
• References
• Index
• End User License Agreement