The Great Reformer

Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope

Austen Ivereigh

• Publisher: Allen & Unwin
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781925575538
• Topic: Theology & Religion
• Subtopic: Religious Biographies

NOTES

ONE FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO (1936–1957)

1 The term bergoglismo was created by Bergoglio’s friend and former pupil, the journalist Jorge Milia, on the website Terre d’America. See, for example, “La Jerga de Francisco/8: ‘Misericordiando.’ Diálogo con el Papa sobre un Gerundio Curioso,” www.terredamerica.com (November 20, 2013).

2 John Lynch, Massacre in the Pampas, 1872: Britain and Argentina in the Age of Migration (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), p. 108. See also Austen Ivereigh, “The Shape of the State: Liberals and Catholics in the Dispute over Law 1420 of 1884 in Argentina,” in Austen Ivereigh (ed.), The Politics of Religion in an Age of Revival (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 2000).

TWO THE MISSION (1958–1966)

1 Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 1959).

2 The best overview of all things Jesuit is James Martin, SJ, The Jesuit Guide to (Almost) Everything: A Spirituality for Real Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2010).

3 Jorge Bergoglio (Pope Francis), Open Mind, Faithful Heart: Reflections on Following Jesus, trans. Joseph V. Owen (New York: Crossroad, 2013), p. 113, originally in Meditaciones para Religiosos (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Diego de Torres, 1982).

4 Philip Caraman, SJ, Ignatius Loyola (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1990), ch. 17.

5 For the history of the Jesuits in the colonial River Plate, see Guillermo Fúrlong Cardiff, SJ, notably Los Jesuitas y la Cultura Rioplatense (Buenos Aires: Editorial Huarpes, 1946), as well as Roberto di Stefano, Historia de la Iglesia Argentina (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2009), Jean Lacoutoure, Jesuits: A Multibiography (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 1995), and various sources cited in my own Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960 (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993).

6 Father Diego’s letter contains the term la periferia. “I am convinced,” Francis told members of religious orders in November 2013, “that great changes in history came about when things were seen not from the center but rather from the periphery.”

7 William Bangert, A History of the Society of Jesus (St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986).

8 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, “¿Qué Son los Jesuitas? Origen, Espiritualidad, Características Propias,” in Reflexiones en Esperanza (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Universidad del Salvador, 1992).

9 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, “Historia y Presencia de la Compañía de Jesús en Nuestra Tierra,” in Reflexiones Espirituales sobre la Vida Apostólica (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Diego de Torres, 1987).

10 After the votes went Bergoglio’s way in the conclave of 2013, a cardinal wittily suggested he might avenge that notorious decision by taking the name Clement XV. For essays on the expulsion, see Magnus Mörner (ed.), The Expulsion of the Jesuits from Latin America (New York: Knopf, 1965).

11 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, “Proyección Cultural y Evangelizadora de los Mártires Rioplatenses,” Speech at Colegio del Salvador, May 27, 1988, in Reflexiones en Esperanza.

12 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, “The Faith That Frees Us,” in Open Mind, Faithful Heart, p. 28.

13 Pope Francis, Meeting with the Coordinating Committee of CELAM, July 28, 2013.

14 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, “Principios,” Universidad del Salvador, August 27, 1974, at www.usal.edu.ar/principios.

15 Jorge González Manent, Jesuitas Éramos Los de Antes: Impresiones de un Novicio de Los Años ’50 (Buenos Aires: Ed. Dunken, 2012).

16 Literally, “little father,” an affectionate term used by Latin-Americans of their priests. Although juniors like Jorge were not ordained, local people didn’t make that distinction.

17 Reproduced in Mariano de Vedia, Francisco, el Papa del Pueblo (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2013). My translation.

18 Armando Rubén Puente, La Vida Oculta de Bergoglio (Madrid: Libros Libres, 2014), p. 145.

19 In Alejandro Bermúdez (ed., trans.), Pope Francis: Our Brother, Our Friend (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2013).

20 Morris West, Eminence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998).

21 If it still exists, the magnetic tape would contain the first radio interview of the man who became Pope Francis.

22 Pfirter brothers quoted in Elisabetta Piqué, Francisco: Vida y Revolución (Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 2013) pp. 70–71. Carranza quoted in Bermúdez (ed., trans.), Pope Francis: Our Brother, Our Friend.

23 The story is told in Chris Lowney, Pope Francis: Why He Leads the Way He Leads (Chicago: Loyola Press, 2013), p. 42.

24 J. Milia, De la Edad Feliz (Salta: Ed. Maktub, 2006), updated in an Italian edition, Maestro Francesco: Gli Allievi del Papa Ricordano il Loro Profesore (Milan: Mondadori, 2014).

THREE STORM PILOT (1967–1974)

1 John Allen, “On Pope Francis’s First Year,” Radio Boston, March 25, 2014.

2 G. K. Chesterton, St. Francis of Assisi (New York: George H. Doran, 1924).

3 Transcript of 2010 judicial inquiry, “Bergoglio Declara ante el TOF,” at www.abuelas.org.ar.

4 Carlos Mugica, Peronismo y Cristianismo (Buenos Aires: Editorial Merlin, 1973).

5 “Documento de Carlos Paz,” July 1971, in MSTM archive at Catholic University of Córdoba and online.

6 Gustavo Morello, Cristianismo y Revolución: Los Orígenes Intelectuales de la Guerrilla Argentina (Córdoba: EDUCC, 2003); Richard Gillespie, Soldiers of Perón—Argentina’s Montoneros (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); María José Moyano, Argentina’s Lost Patrol: Armed Struggle, 1969–1979 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).

7 Quoted in Sergio Rubín and Francesca Ambrogetti, El Jesuita (Barcelona: Vergara, Grupo Zeta, 2010).

8 “Credo de Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Papa Francisco,” www.revistaecclesia.com, September 18, 2013.

9 Orlando Yorio, Letter to Father Moura, November 24, 1977.

10 Quoted in Lowney, Pope Francis: Why He Leads the Way He Leads, p. 120.

11 I am indebted to the writer Paul Elie for pointing out to me that the two Jesuits are likely to have coincided at this time.

12 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, “Una Institución que Vive su Carisma: Apertura de la Congregación provincial XV (August 2, 1978),” in Meditaciones para Religiosos.

13 Lucio Gera, “Cultura y dependencia, a la luz de la reflexión teológica,” Stromata, Año XXX (January–June 1974), no. 1/2.

14 Juan Carlos Scannone, “Theology, Popular Culture and Discernment,” in Rosino Gibellini (ed.), Frontiers of Theology in Latin America, trans. John Drury (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1979), and “Aportaciones a la teología latinoamericana,” Vida Nueva (Cono Sur edition), Part I, Año 2, no. 21 (November 3–16, 2013) and Part II, Año 2, no. 22 (November 17–23, 2013).

15 Ernesto López Rosas, “Valores Cristianos del Peronismo,” Revista CIAS, no. 234 (August 1975): 7–30.

16 On Damasco and the Modelo Nacional, see Puente, La Vida Oculta de Bergoglio.

17 Orlando Yorio, “Refle...

Table of contents

• COVER PAGE
• TITLE PAGE
• COPYRIGHT PAGE
• CONTENTS
• PROLOGUE
• ONE: FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO (1936–1957)
• TWO: THE MISSION (1958–1966)
• THREE: STORM PILOT (1967–1974)
• FOUR: CRUCIBLE (1975–1979)
• FIVE: THE LEADER EXPELLED (1980–1992)
• SIX: A BISHOP WHO SMELLED OF SHEEP (1993–2000)
• SEVEN: GAUCHO CARDINAL (2001–2007)
• EIGHT: MAN FOR OTHERS (2008–2012)
• NINE: CONCLAVE (2013)
• EPILOGUE: THE GREAT REFORM
• NOTES
• NOTE ON SOURCES
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS