CHAPTER ONE
Introduction: Derbyshire gardens 1570â1920
The Garden maker is striving not for himself alone but for those who are to come after.
From the wide choice of gardens and parks in Derbyshire nearly 100 have been selected including many owned by established families, industrialists and businessmen. Both for the aristocratic Cavendishes and Curzons, and wealthy manufacturers such as the Arkwrights and Strutts, their pleasure grounds played a significant role in their social aspirations and social life. The latter acquired country estates having made their fortunes and became part of the establishment. Derbyshire is rich in minerals, coal, gritstone, alabaster, iron and lead, bringing wealth not only to entrepreneurs but also to established landowning families such as the Hunlokes, Mundys and Sitwells. This provides a very interesting mix of personalities, ambitions and challenges. However we start the story of Derbyshire gardens with a background miscellany.
Many country house gardens were based on a practical and down-to-earth emphasis on attractive productivity. So when Smalley Hall, a modest but attractive newly built country house, was offered to let in April 1764 with âLand fitting for a Gentlemanâ, the advert mentioned two fishponds, orchard and two gardens, âwallâd with brick planted with the choicest fruitâ: that is ornamental utility.1 In 1799 a property near Ashbourne was on the market and the auctioneer carefully mixed the appeal of the âdelightful prospectâ, with the suggestion that a nearby waterfall, ânear twenty feet high, and supplied by a fluent brook,â would be âvery advantageous to erect a manufactory thereonâ.2 When Ashbourne Hall and its parkland were for sale in 1846, to attract the âGentleman of private fortuneâ the agent extolled the virtues of its position near the parish church and the romantic scenery of Dove Dale. Then more prosaically he moved to attract the âeminent merchantâ, noting the proximity of the railway station and that part of land could be adapted for the erection of a manufactory, âor any premises of magnitude without obstructing the delightful views from the mansionâ.3
The open and often wild hilly terrain of much of Derbyshire produced the obvious response of terraced gardens within protective walls. Indeed the walled garden hardly went out of fashion in the county. A ready supply of local stone, combined with terracing meant that the Italian style garden was at home here. There was no rush to demolish garden walls in the mid-eighteenth century, although fashionable open lawns crept up to larger country houses such as Chatsworth and Kedleston. When, two generations later, terraces and flowerbeds became popular once again nationally, effectively they had never gone out of fashion in Derbyshire. Later the Arts and Crafts gardens, with their walls, terracing and pergolas, meant that many of its smaller gardens were easily very up-to-date. Derbyshire is fortunate in the survival and current restoration of several of these fine walled gardens, although in other ways the twentieth century was not so kind. A number of county house gardens and parks survive as public parks, with or without their house. The result can be a somewhat bland and soul-less landscape, since the focal point, the house, has gone, as at Darley, Markeaton and Shipley. The stunted remains of the halls at Allestree, Alfreton and Ashbourne are hardly any better. Yet even this is preferable to the destruction of Osmaston Hall, Derby, replaced by an industrial estate or Drakelow Hall, demolished for a power station.
FIGURE 1. Holme Hall, Bakewell, terraces summer house and walls 1670s.
COURTESY J. STANSFIELD
For many years Derbyshire was not easily accessible and visitors responded differently over the years, from John Taylor in 1639: âmost dangerous ways, stony, craggy, with inaccessible hills and mountains,â to Mrs Thrale in 1774: âThe Triumphs of Art and Nature are surely all exhibited in Derbyshireâ.4 In 1745 the Rev. Nixon was âagreeably surprisedâ to find that the Peak District had âexceeding good roadsâ, pure air, rich valleys and polite inhabitants.5 Yet in 1747 Lady Sophia Newdigate, travelling towards Buxton, was unenthusiastic:
Through the most uninhabited hill Bleak Country yt can be Conceived for many miles without ye sight of a Tree or even a shrub not a house or anything appeared to convince us we were not the first of all living things that ever venturâd there.6
In 1755 Resta Patching took four hours to cover the six miles (9.6 km) between Chesterfield and Chatsworth, and his chaise had to be repaired three times on his Derbyshire travels because of the poor condition of the roads.7 Yet tourists were undeterred and even local gentry enjoyed the scenery as when Sir Robert Burdett of Foremark Hall made âa jaunt into ye Peakeâ in July 1759.8 Visitors were amazed at the wild countryside even before the Picturesque Movement gained momentum, as shown in the 1740s engravings by T. Smith of Derby, where well-dressed viewers admire the wild scenery. Mrs Thraleâs report on her visit to Reynardâs Cave Dovedale (1774) shows that the frissons usually associated with the wild and picturesque scenery of the Wye Valley and the Lakes were just as applicable to Derbyshire:
We were shown another precipe the sight of which so frightened somebody that she fainted at the view, and must have fallen headlong had not a gentleman present caught hold of her suddenly and saved her life.9
FIGURE 2. A View of Reynards Cave in Dovedale, print 1770.
AUTHORâS COLLECTION
By then Derbyshire was on the tourist route for its wild romantic scenery and fearsome, awesome caves. When Arthur Young published his Tour (1771) he enthused about the wooded precipes of a valley down to the river. His descriptions include âgloomyâ, âpicturesqueâ, âbeautifulâ, âstriking landscapeâ, âThe roar of the falls in the river is fineâ.10 A hundred years later travel writers were still extolling the charms of Dovedale with âits picturesque beauties ... gorgeous woods, its magnificent rocks, its beautiful river, and the wondrous variety of its scenery.â11
By the late seventeenth century the âgenteelâ visitor had access to certain of the larger private ...