Anthropology For Beginners

Micah J. Fleck, Luca F. Carey

• Publisher: For Beginners
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9781939994769
• eBook ISBN: 9781939994776
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Cultural & Social Anthropology
• Index: Social Sciences

Anyone living today could form the impression that humanity is essentially fractured and fragmented; that we're split up along ethnic, geographic, cultural, national, and ideological lines. This is the societal reality. But in Anthropology For Beginners, Micah J. Fleck asks us to take a big step backward and look at the full picture, as if we were aliens who stumbled upon planet Earth and glimpsed its inhabitants. We would see a myriad of languages, practices, religious rites, food palettes, clothing styles, and leisure activities—all of which belong to the same curious species: Homo sapiens. Where did it come from? How did it develop so many different ways of being? And most importantly, what do its members have in common?

Anthropology is the field that sets out to answer these questions. Micah J. Fleck provides a history not only of humankind, but of anthropology itself—giving anyone with an interest in the subject a solid background of its key figures and developments.

1

What Is Anthropology? (And What It Is Not)

IN THE MOST STRAIGHTFORWARD OF TERMS, ANTHROpology is the scientific study of human kind through space and time. More specifically, it is a field of inquiry that uses multiple methods for gathering information about human beings and the societies we build—in the past, and in the present. To do this, anthropologists call on research techniques pulled from both the hard sciences and the social sciences whenever the inquiry in question demands one approach or the other.

For instance, when anthropologists need to learn more about present-day societies that have yet to be well-documented, field researchers known as ethnographers are sent to live amongst the citizens of the society in question and keep meticulous record of how the society works. In this example, anthropologists are using both sociological methods and more scientifically-minded data gathering and observation—often for months and even years at a time—before reaching conclusions about the how and why behind the function of said culture.

On the other hand, if the people and places being studied have been gone for centuries, anthropologists will utilize other methods completely, such as archaeology and radiocarbon dating, to dig up and then determine the age of past artifacts, bones, and fossils these long-gone societies left behind.

In studying both past and present cultures, anthropologists must also be able to learn other languages so they can either communicate with the living or read the historical records of the dead. And in determining the causes for certain human behaviors, anthropologists investigate potential origins in both cultural and biological arenas.

These and other examples illustrate just how interdisciplinary the field of anthropology is, and why it is necessarily so. But to really grasp the full picture of anthropology as a rich science with multiple applications, we need to dig deeper into and clearly define the four major subfields of anthropology: archaeology, linguistics, sociocultural anthropology, and biological anthropology.

The Four Subfields of Anthropology

ARCHAEOLOGY: This field of study was originally all there was to scientific anthropology, and it predates the use of the term “anthropology” in academic circles. Stemming from an even earlier tradition of collecting material histories known as antiquarianism, archaeology found its empirical methodology during the Enlightenment in seventeenth century Europe. These methods included meticulous excavation tactics that were designed to not disrupt the riches awaiting discovery underground.

These developments meant that for the first time, material history could be completely preserved and utilized for more academic inquiry into humanity's past. Taking this into account, it is very reasonable to take the position that archaeologists were the first true anthropologists.

Today, archaeology is largely considered to be one of the four main subdisciplines of modern anthropology, with an even more interconnected approach, dubbed “processual archaeology,” bringing in the other subfields such as linguistic and cultural anthropology to paint a more holistic picture of excavational findings.

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY: At the crossroads between basic linguistics and the study of language's influence on humanity resides linguistic anthropology. Though it is still technically correct to call this subfield simply “linguistics,” it should be noted that linguists and linguistic anthropologists are not always investigating the same questions. Traditional linguistics dealt with more structural questions that were innately present in language itself, but the field's merging with anthropology started to take place when linguists began to draw connections between language itself and cultural perception and interaction. From then on, language's integral relation to human society became a constant concern for linguistic researchers.

The world of linguistics was rocked yet again in the 1950s when it was discovered that humans seem to possess an innate capacity to understand structured language—independently of prior schooling on the matter. This has come to be known as universal grammar, and the latest studies into its origins have led linguistic anthropologists to combine their research with that of biological anthropologists in hopes that an evolutionary cause can be pinpointed. In this way, linguistic anthropology is itself just as interdisciplinary as the broader field of anthropology as a whole.

SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: It is a little harder to pin down the origin point for this particular subfield; the first self-described anthropologists in the nineteenth century were technically cultural anthropologists, however, most of their methodologies and conclusions have long-since been debunked as unscientific. As such, we will define sociocultural anthropology as it exists in its present form, having been “rebooted” in a sense at the dawn of the twentieth century as needing to rely heavily on work done by field researchers (those aforementioned ethnographers) and/or abide by scientific standards of inquiry.

In a nutshell, modern sociocultural anthropologists are primarily concerned with the ways in which human beings build and interact with their cultural surroundings, and conversely, how said surroundings go on to inform human behavior. This means that if you are a cultural anthropologist, you could take on research dealing with non-Western and Western societies, cultures of the past or present, base your work on long-term participant observation in the field, or through an academic analysis of existing data, and so on. You are limited only by your imagination and the empirical nature of your research—aside from that, the sky is the limit regarding what topics, regions, and peoples you may choose to discover.

Many other fields of inquiry are pulled from by cultural anthropologists depending on the research at hand, including psychology, sociology, primatology, history, economics, and of course, the other subfields of anthropology. Through sociocultural anthropology we have discovered deeper truths about cultural difference and sameness, socially constructed concepts such as race and gender, the relative nature of cultural comparison, the benefits of cultural and intellectual diversity, and more. All of this makes sociocultural anthropology arguably the richest discipline within an already rich research field.

BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: The other contender for richest subdiscipline, biological anthropology's primary concern is the process of human evolution. It pulls from paleontology, primatology, evolutionary biology, genetics, medical science, and anatomy, and puts into practice techniques such as radiocarbon dating, new computer scanning technology, site excavation, and others as it strives to better understand the physical side of human-centric study. But not just how basic anatomy evolved, but also how certain behavioral trends came about that can be observed both within cultures and individual interactions. Customs such as bowing as a sign of reverence in religious traditions, for instance, seem to transcend geography, and there are both evolutionary and cultural research avenues one can take to understand where such physical motions came from and why humans seemed predisposed to adopt them.

Biological anthropologists have also paved the way toward understanding why certain regions' inhabitants develop certain medical disorders more frequently than others, or whether or not a person's phenotype (the trait that shows) is genetically significant.

As we can see, these specialized disciplines within anthropology have their own focuses and expertise, and bring their unique and useful answers to the broader human observation, all while relying on each other to inform the context and fill in the gaps of certain findings along the way. Taken separately, no individual specialization in anthropology would be nearly as useful in understanding the complexities of the human condition as they are when brought together. This makes anthropology a truly special field of study that is uniquely equipped to best understand ourselves and the cultures we build on both the social and biological frontiers.

While it is important to understand that anthropology has multiple areas of focus, the point of this knowledge is to simply inform, not to overwhelm. Remembering the specific strengths and hyper-detailed focuses of each field of anthropology will not be required to enjoy the rest of this volume; what will be important is that you simply remember that anthropology takes a holistic approach to its topics of interest. That way, the multi-layered nature of many of anthro pology's key discoveries will make more sense than it might without such context.

Is This a Science or a Humanities Field?

There is still some debate in certain circles about whether or not anthropology can be called a science, considering the fact that two of the four subdisciplines are not, strict...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• FOREWORD
• Introduction
• 1: What Is Anthropology? (And What It Is Not)
• 2: The Scientific Turn
• 3: Early Humans
• 4: Modern Insights
• 5: Four Subfields, A Unique Advantage
• 6: Future Frontiers
• GLOSSARY
• FURTHER READING
• About the Author
• About the Illustrator