THE COSMATESQUE MOSAICS OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
The Pavements and Royal Tombs: History, Archaeology, Architecture and Conservation
VOLUME 1
THE PAVEMENTS
by
Warwick Rodwell and David S Neal
with contributions by
Pul Drury, Ian Freestone, Kevin Hayward, Lisa Monnas, Matthew Payne, Ruth Siddall, Vanessa Simeoni and Erica Carrick Utsi
computerized illustrations by
Thomas Clark
Foreword by
The Dean of Westminster
Published in the United Kingdom in 2019 by
OXBOW BOOKS
The Old Music Hall, 106â108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JE
and in the United States by
OXBOW BOOKS
1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083
Copyright Š Warwick Rodwell and David S Neal 2019
Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-234-7
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-235-4 (epub)
Kindle Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-236-1 (mobi)
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019939193
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Front cover: Head of King Henry III, from the effigy on his tomb (Dean and Chapter of Westminster)
Mosaic-decorated tomb-cover set into the sanctuary pavement (Painting by David S Neal)
Lombardic font taken from the sanctuary pavement inscriptions
Half-title page: Aerial view of Westminster Abbey from the south-west (Š Historic England Archive)
Note regarding plans: Unless otherwise stated in the caption, or indicated by a compass-point, all plans and vertical photographic views have north towards the top of the page.
Dedicated to
Her Majesty The Queen,
by gracious permission,
to commemorate the 750th anniversary
of the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey
and the re-dedication of the Shrine
of St Edward the Confessor
by King Henry III on
13th October, 1269
CONTENTS
Foreword by The Dean of Westminster
Preface
Acknowledgements
Summary
VOLUME 1
The Pavements
1 The cosmatesque pavements and monuments: introduction and context
Historical and architectural context
The mosaic assemblage
2 Historiography and the antiquarian record
Early references, 1269âc. 1700
Descriptions and illustrations of the pavements and monuments, 1707â1925
Descriptions
Illustrations
The pavements and monuments in recent scholarship
3 The sanctuary and high altar pavements: past interventions, damage and repair
Paving the sanctuary: an historical overview
The cosmatesque sanctuary pavement
Impact of the Civil War, 1643
Repairs, c. 1660
Installation of the Whitehall altarpiece, 1706â07
Sir George Gilbert Scottâs restoration of the sanctuary, 1859â71
Sanctuary pavement
High altar pavement and its underlying archaeology
4 Description of the sanctuary pavement
Purbeck marble matrix
Detailed description of the decoration
Panels 1â8: the central quincunx
Panels 9â16: background to the quincunx
Panels 17â20: large medallions (rotae)
Panels 21â32: background to the large medallions
Panels 33â52: medallions in the outer border
Panels 53â56: rectangles in the outer border
Panels 57â88: curvilinear bands
Panels 89â116: outer border spandrels
Panels 117â136: miscellaneous small compartments
The frame inscriptions
Inscription A. Central roundel of quincunx
Inscription B. Outer lobes of quincunx
Inscription C. Great square
Inscription D. Northern tomb-cover
Phasing: construction, alteration and repair
Summary of proposed phasing
Notes on the characteristics of each phase
Early repairs to the Cosmati pavement by Paul Drury
Phase 2: repairs in sympathy with the primary mosaic work
Phase 2â3: various interventions, probably between Phases 2 and 3
Phase 3: introduction of new designs and more stone types, probably c. 1660â62
Phase 4: interventions related to reordering the sanctuary, 1706â07
5 Surveying, analyzing and evaluating the sanctuary and high altar pavements
Preparatory studies
Ground-penetrating radar surveys, 2004â05 by Erica Carrick Utsi
Some GPR basics
Planning the survey
The high frequency survey
The low frequency survey
Conclusions
Condition and conservation trials, 1993â98 by Vanessa Simeoni
Condition in 1993â94
Condition in 1997
The archaeology beneath the pavements: a brief assessment
6 Conservation and repair of the sanctuary pavement by Vanessa Simeoni
Introduction
Recording and the sanctuary pavement archive
Photogrammetric survey
Photographic record
Video documentary
Reports and other written records
Materials in the pavement
Cleaning
Solvent cleaning, 2008
Relative humidity and temperature
Laser cleaning
Equipment, settings and mechanism
Cleaning the tomb-covers
Removal of cement patching
Emergency stabilization and temporary repairs
Removal methods and techniques
Laser removal of cement
Case studies
Purbeck marble: deterioration and treatment
Bed type and deterioration patterns
Conservation treatment
Purbeck marble matrix replacement
Sub-structure delamination
Stone tesserae: damage and treatment
Stone types
Cocciopesto mortar
Condition of stone tesserae
Treatment programme
Mosaic reintroduction
Repairing historic restorations
George Gilbert Scottâs restoration
Glass tesserae
Opaque glass
Translucent glass
Survey of remaining glass inlays, 2005
Deterioration and condition
Treatment
Restoration of the western border panel
Treatment
Method of tessera production
Case study: the central medallion
Repairs to the central stone
Surface finish
Conclusions and post-conservation care
7 St Edward the Confessorâs chapel pavement
Past interventions and damage
Present condition of the pavement
The Purbeck marble matrix
Paving zones
Setting out the design
Detailed description of the pavement
Designs in the medallions
Small roundels
Curvilinear bands
Concave-sided triangles
Discussion
Ground-penetrating radar surveys of the high altar and St Edwardâs chapel pavements, 2005 by Erica Carrick Utsi
High altar pavement and steps
St Edwardâs chapel
Conclusions
The archaeology beneath the chapel floor
8 Materials employed in the pavements and monuments
Antiquarian petrology
The stone types by Kevin Hayward
Introduction
Primary materials
Restoration materials, Phases 2â5
Glass: analysis of samples from the sanctuary pavement by Ian Freestone
Opaque glass
Translucent glass
Metals employed in the pavements and monuments
Wrought iron
Latten (brass)
Analysis of âmasticâ resin on the sanctuary pavement by Ruth Siddall
Sampling and analytical details
Discussion and conclusions
Analysis of the paste-inlaid tesserae by Ruth Siddall
Sample preparation and analytical techniques
Composition of the tesserae
Composition of the pigment
Conclusions
Mortars used in the sanctuary pavement by Ruth Siddall
Recording and sampling the mortars
Construction mortars
Restoration mortars
Cement repairs
Discussion
Notes to chapters 1 to 8
Plans 1 and 2 (fold-outs at end of volume)
* * *
VOLUME 2
The Royal Tombs
9 St Edwardâs chapel and the context of the shrine
Introduction
Chronology of St Edwardâs enshrinement
Evolving topography of St Edwardâs chapel
Elevating the shrine
Pilgrim access
Proliferation of royal tombs and its consequences
Monuments in the chapel: post-medieval interventions and antiquarian investigations
Impact of pilgrims and tourists on the chapel and its monuments
10 The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, I: description and primary fabric
Introduction
General description of the shrine-tomb
Detailed descriptions of the components
Plinth
Cornice
South elevation
East elevation
North elevation
West elevation (incorporating the altar retable)
Niches
Columns and colonnettes
Reconstructing the original form of the shrine-tomb
Location, steps and plinth
Lower stage of the pedestal and niches
Upper panelled zone and chest
De...