Magnetic Sensors for Biomedical Applications

Hadi Heidari, Vahid Nabaei

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9781119552178
• eBook ISBN: 9781119552192
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biotechnology
• Index: Biological Sciences

An important guide that reviews the basics of magnetic biosensor modeling and simulation

Magnetic Sensors for Biomedical Applications offers a comprehensive review of magnetic biosensor modelling and simulation. The authors—noted experts on the topic—explore the model's strengths and weaknesses and discuss the competencies of different modelling software, including homemade and commercial (for example Multi-physics modelling software).

The section on sensor materials examines promising materials whose properties have been used for sensing action and predicts future smart-materials that have the potential for sensing application. Next, the authors present classifications of sensors that are divided into different sub-types. They describe their working and highlight important applications that reveal the benefits and drawbacks of relevant designs. The book also contains information on the most recent developments in the field of each sensor type. This important book:

• Provides an even treatment of the major foundations of magnetic biosensors
• Presents problem solution methods such as analytical and numerical
• Explains how solution methods complement each other, and offers information on their materials, design, computer aided modelling and simulation, optimization, and device fabrication
• Describes modeling work challenges and solutions

Written for students in electrical and electronics engineering, physics, chemistry, biomedical engineering, and biology, Magnetic Sensors for Biomedical Applications offers a guide to the principles of biomagnetic sensors, recent developments, and reveals the impact of sensor modelling and simulation on magnetic sensors.

1
Introduction

1.1 Overview

Magnetic field sensors have been born and used for many years in early applications of direction finding or navigation. Today, magnetic sensors are still a primary means of navigation, but many more uses have evolved. The technology for sensing magnetic fields has also evolved driven by the need for improved sensitivity, smaller size, and compatibility with electronic systems. The output of other sensors, such as temperature, pressure, strain, and light sensors, directly reports the desired parameters, while using magnetic sensors to detect direction, presence, rotation, angle, or electrical currents only indirectly detect these parameters. The output signal of a magnetic sensor requires some signal processing to translate it into the desired parameter value. This makes magnetic sensing a little more challenging to apply in most applications, but it allows for reliable and accurate sensing of parameters that are difficult to sense otherwise. One approach to the development of magnetic sensors is the pursuit of an ideal device that meets the demands and limitations of all the possible applications. Such an ideal sensor must have an ultra‐high resolution, a wide bandwidth, very low power consumption, as well as being miniature, low cost, which, all together, does not seem realistic. An optimal magnetic sensing device is that which best fits a set of requirements dictated by a specific application.

This book aims to assist the readers in their search for their optimal magnetic sensing system. From the more common and popular Hall effect sensors up to the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based magnetometers, each chapter describes a specific type of sensor and provides useful information that is necessary to understand the magnetometer behavior, including theoretical background, noise model, materials, electronics, applications, design, and fabrication techniques. In this chapter, we outline the history of magnetic sensors, natural and technical magnetic fields, magnetic terms and units, magnetic microsensors and their properties and classification, magnetic sensor terminology, and noise in magnetic sensors. In Chapter 2, we focus on Hall magnetic sensors, and discuss Hall effect, characteristics of Hall effect devices such as geometry and material, horizontal and vertical CMOS Hall devices, and Hall sensor applications. Magnetoresistance (MR) sensors’ material and principles, classes, modeling and simulation, design and fabrication technologies, as well as their various biomedical applications have been outlined in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, we review models, instruments, and biomedical applications of different resonance magnetometers such as NMR, magnetic resonance imaging, and electron spin resonance. Chapter 5 provides an overview of fundamentals, fabrication technologies, and biomagnetism applications of superconducting quantum interference devices. Comparisons of Hall sensors with other galvanomagnetic sensors, N...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Magnetic Sensors Based on Hall Effect
• 3 Magnetoresistive Sensors
• 4 Resonance Magnetometers
• 5 SQUID Sensors
• 6 Conclusion
• Index
• End User License Agreement