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âI Love Both of Themâ: Queer Love and the Religious in Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick famously began her foundational work Epistemology of the Closet with the declaration that much of Western culture is âstructured â indeed, fractured â by a chronic, now endemic crisis of homo/heterosexual definition, indicatively male, dating from the end of the nineteenth centuryâ.1 Along with anti-abortion politics, the homo/heterosexual fracture has been one of the most powerful ways in which Christian belief is articulated in the United States and other Anglophonic countries over the last thirty years. The forceful homophobia of the Catholic Churchâs clergy, the Church of the Later Day Saints, the Southern Baptist Convention and other evangelical groups has made opposition to gay rights a significant, perhaps dominant, position among religious conservatives. In such contexts, homosexuality is defined as always-already secular, with heterosexuality sanctified under the sign of the religious. Yet, although there are strong links between secular and queer and religious and straight, there is also a strong body of work from writers who problematize the easy conflation of these terms. As I have established in the Introduction, Wintersonâs work is a particularly compelling example of not only what we might call post-secular writing, but also queer and feminist writing.
Critical approaches to Wintersonâs work have largely been in the form of feminist (especially lesbian-feminist) and postmodern/post-structuralist theories, with queer theories emerging from the conversation between the two.2 This substantial body of criticism has examined Wintersonâs distinctive use of language, her invocations of gender, sexuality and desire, and the identity politics implications of her writing as a female writer, a lesbian and so on, yet the notable religious element to her work remains relatively under-theorized. Her most famous work, 1985âs autobiographical novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, stages the definitional conflict between religion and homosexuality, only to collapse it. In the novel, the teenage Jeanette falls in love with another girl in her evangelical church and, after a failed exorcism, is eventually expelled from her community as a result of her insistence upon not merely homosexualityâs acceptability, but its holiness.
In its alliance of sexuality with the sacred, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit comes close to what Argentinian theologian Marcella Althaus-Reid has called an âindecent theologyâ.3 The analysis of gendered and sexual relationships to the sacred by feminist and queer theorists is important for the study of Wintersonâs text, for sacred and sexual are profoundly entangled in her work. In The Queer God, Althaus-Reid argues that âbelief systems are organized around peopleâs bodies, and peopleâs bodies in relationships, and in sexual relationshipsâ.4 She argues that religious belief is inextricably linked to sexual, gendered, raced and classed ideologies that are mediated through the body. Or as theologians Chris Boesel and Catherine Keller put it, âdivinity comes [âŠ] encumbered by the projection of all manner of finite images derived from our bodily life: images of a lord or warrior, a friend or father, a humanoid love, and minimally, an inconspicuous personal pronoun [that is, he]â.5 So the kinds of bodies in the Christian imaginary, most especially that of God âhimselfâ, are organized normatively, produced as discursive power along the lines of heterosexist, racist, misogynistic and imperialist thought. As well as the idealized bodies of the spiritual, aberrant bodies are produced that become formally constituted outside of the purvey of theology, and indeed outside of religion and religious communities in general (or, less formally, relegated unacknowledged inside the closet). To put it bluntly: queer bodies are rarely framed as holy bodies.6
Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit is framed as a religious text itself, each chapter is named after a book of the Hebrew Bible, beginning with Genesis and ending, significantly, in Ruth. Jeanetteâs mother Louie is described as being âOld Testament through and through. Not for her the meek and paschal Lamb, she was out there, up front with the prophets, and much given to sulking under trees when the appropriate destruction didnât materialise.â7 Susana Onega argues convincingly that Jeanetteâs birth in Oranges mirrors the birth of Christ in the New Testament, âthus equating Jeanetteâs prescribed role as Evangelical preacher with Jesusâ mission to save the worldâ.8 Given this emphasis on the law, it is interesting to note that there is no exact prohibition against lesbianism in the Torah. The infamous verse in Leviticus 18:22 refers only to male homosexuality â âthou shalt not lay with mankind as with womankindâ. For Jewish feminist theologian Judith Plaskow, the narratives of Torah are mediated from the start by masculinist interpretative frameworks with the result that women are spoken about by men but never speaking. As she puts it, âwomenâs revelatory experiences are largely omitted from the sources; narratives are framed from an androcentric perspective; the law enforces womenâs subordination in the patriarchal familyâ.9 Despite the gaps in the law, Jewish tradition nevertheless contains a substantial amount of homophobia directed at women (for instance, famed medieval rabbinical interpreter Rashiâs commentary on the Talmudâs Yevamot 76a on lesbianism, as well as comments by Moses Maimonides aka the rabbi Ramban). The absence of lesbianism from the holiest books of Judaism and Christianity has most certainly not meant an absence of homophobia.
In describing what is treated as a religious transgression â sin â Louie uses the term âunnatural desiresâ, a term which makes from nineteenth-century sexological taxonomies a vague gesture towards a plethora of aberrant sexual practices. We know from the historiographical work of the likes of Michel Foucault and David Halperin that ideas of âthe heterosexualâ and âthe homosexualâ as inherent identity-forming characteristics emerged in Europe in the nineteenth century. Foucault famously argued in the first volume of The History of Sexuality that âthe sodomite had been a temporary aberration, the homosexual was now a speciesâ.10 Winterson gestures towards this sexological lineage when her narrator mentions that her church had âread Havelock Ellis and knew about Inversionâ,11 a claim mocked by the narrator who even as a child âknew that a woman was as far from a [male] homosexual as a rhinocerosâ.12 Of course, the primary referent of âunnatural desiresâ in Oranges remains homosexuality; the invert, the masturbating child and the zoophile are nowhere to be seen. Instead, homosexuality has become, as Sedgwick argues, a site of primary identity formation and cultural antagonism over the course of the twentieth century.
Here, as with other religious condemnations of homosexuality, secular forms of subjectivity formation come to inflect the religious law of acts. Homophobic articulations like âhate the sin, love the sinnerâ swerve awkwardly between older formulations of the act-based sodomite and the modern homosexual, with even celibate gay-identified Christians facing discrimination in some churches. This language of ânatureâ recalls the debate between Augustine and Justin of Eclamus in the fourth century about nature, albeit with a modern twist. Where Augustine held that spontaneous sexual desire was proof of original sin, Justin argued that ânatural sin does not existâ. Justin pointed out that âGod made bodies, distinguished the sexes, made genitalia, bestowed the affection through which bodies would be joined [âŠ] and God made nothing evilâ.13 While Augustineâs position on original sin was taken up by the church, over the course of modernity it has steadily lost ground as a form of âcommon senseâ in and out of churches. The naturalization of desire in general may be one of the effects of modern secularization, albeit still incompletely applied for homosexuality in particular.14
Religious rhetorics
But if the secular comes to infect the homophobia of religious communities, homosexuality for Winterson can be shown to be religious from the start. The homophobic sexological language of the church is rebutted with an individualized language based on emotion. Jeanette asks her girlfriend Melanie: ââDo you think this is an Unnatural Passion?â [âŠ] âDoesnât feel like it. According to Pastor Finch, thatâs awful.ââ While, as Michelle Denby points out,15 there is a certain kind of New Age individualized âspiritualityâ apparent in this move towards the body and good feeling as the guarantor of truth, itâs also worth noting the individualized nature of evangelical Christian protestations of faith (and indeed broader historical movements of Protestantism as Max Weber argued). From this angle, Wintersonâs individualization is more a mirror image of her community than exhibiting signs of the Eastern-influenced New Age. Jeanette articulates her desire through the religious, telling Melanie, âI love you almost as much as I love the Lordâ,16 while her later relationship with Katy âdid have a genuinely spiritual dimensionâ.17
Problematizing the idea of sexuality as a Fall, Jeanette defends herself with the refrain, âto the pure all things are pureâ. Her love, it is clear, is not a sin. Instead, it is through the language of religious oratory that queer desire is expressed in the novel. Denby points out that âto the pure all things are pureâ, reverses St Paulâs ideal of physical purity in 1 Corinthians 7 and Ephesians 518 â in particular, Ephesians 5:3, which states that âamong you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper for Godâs holy peopleâ. Winterson here makes purity a facet not of refraining from behaviour (as in the equation between virginity and purity), but rather a state of mind. Purity is less the inherent characteristic of bodies and actions than of the quality of the relationship between the people involved.
Yet the argument proves to be unconvincing for the members of Jeanetteâs church. Onega notes that âJeanette must fight the religious community alone, armed only with her trust in Godâs wordsâ.19 At her exorcism, Pastor Finch frames religious devotion as mutually exclusive from same-sex love. Jeanette says, âI love herâ (meaning Melanie), to which Finch replies âthen you do not love the Lordâ. Jeanette rebuts this opposition, saying âyes I love both of themâ,20 a statement which I take as emblematic of the refusing of a binary between the religious/secular. Here, as in other places in the novel, the queer relationship to God becomes narrativized as a kind of love affair, an ultimately failed one less because of the divine than the mediation of a church which is shown to be sinful.
Queer prophets
One of the ways in which Wintersonâs work collapses boundaries and hierarchies is in its adoption of a prophetic voice. Onega has argued convincingly that Winterson can be considered part of a broader visionary tradition in English literature that stretches from William Blake and the Romantic poets, and culminates with the modernists (Eliot and Joyce in particular). Indeed, as Onega rightly notes, Wintersonâs work is profoundly interested in the role of the prophet, especially in Oranges.
Where a simplistic understanding of the role of a prophet often includes solely their clairvoyance of future events, the Biblical prophets were much more complicated in function. As Rabbi Abraham Heschel writes, âthe prophet is not only a prophet. He is also poet, preacher, patriot, statesman, social critic, moralist.â21 Each one of these functions is put into play in proclaiming the prophetâs message. Heschel talks about the psychological make-up of the prophet: a sensitivity to evil, an iconoclast, a flouter of all forms of authority and common practice, a pathos for the life of God, austere and compassionate at the same time. The prophet condemns the evils of their society and the complacency that allows them to take place. A prophet is someone who proclaims fidelity to their ideals, and bemoans the consequences of a lack of faith. He or she talks at âan octave too highâ,22 with a message so far from the norms of civil society that it appears to be another language altogether. Yet, as Heschel writes, âprophetic utterance is rarely cryptic, suspended between God and man; it is urging, alarming, forcing onward, as if the words gushed forth from the heart of God, seeking entrance to the heart and mind of man, carrying a summons as well as an involvementâ.23 One cannot be unmoved by the prophetâs message; it is the unmoved and hypocritical that the prophet targets.
It is not only the Hebrew Bible that features prophetic language. Northrop Frye argues that, although it also takes in metaphor, abstraction and descriptive language, the Bible primarily functions as âkerygma, proclamationâ.24 Kerygma is the preaching of the New Testament to the unconverted, to pagans. Like the language of Heschelâs prophets, kerygma makes demands upon its listeners, demanding faith and action alike. Kerygma in modern thought is primarily associated with the theologian Rudolf Bultmann, who opposes it as myth.
We can see this prophetic voice of Wintersonâs most clearly in Oranges, where she takes in the evangelizing of her Pentecostal upbringing. Louie, the mother of Jeanette, the heroine of the novel, is a figure of Biblical proportions, who draws strongly on the prophetic tradition in the way she imagines evangelical outreach to the non-believers.25 She flouts the social norms of the small Lancashire town in which they live, antagonizing her neighbours and ignoring the concerns of Jeanetteâs teachers about her childâs overzealous religiousness. Jeanetteâs mother Louie lists her enemies, praying vengeance upon them. Yet hers is no nihilism, but rather a black-and-white worldview in which sin is ever-present and the world is ripe for conversion. Jeanette and her mother climb a hill at the end of their street, which looks down upon the entire town in which they live: âWe stood on the hill and my mother said, âThis world is full of sin.â We stood on the hill and my mother said, âYou can change the world.ââ26 Similarly, Jeanetteâs other female role model Elsie âliked the prophetsâ and enjoys a needlework sampler that Jeanette sews with a quote from Jeremiah: âthe summer is ended and we are not yet savedâ (Jer. 8:20). The work of the prophet, of evangelizing to the un...