TiO2 Nanoparticles

Applications in Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine

Aiguo Wu, Wenzhi Ren

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9783527347247
• eBook ISBN: 9783527825448
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biochemistry
• Index: Biological Sciences

A unique book that summarizes the properties, toxicology, and biomedical applications of TiO2-based nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for products used in our daily lives. Nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) are widely used in industry for different purposes, such as painting, sunscreen, printing, cosmetics, biomedicine, and so on. This book summarizes the advances of TiO2 based nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, covering materials properties, toxicological research, and biomedical application, such as antibacter, biosensing, and cancer theranostics. It uniquely integrates the TiO2 applications from physical properties, toxicology to various biomedical applications, and includes black TiO2 based cancer theranostics.

Beginning with a comprehensive introduction to the properties and applications of nanoparticles, TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Theranostics and Nanomedicine offers chapters on: Toxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Antibacterial Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of TiO2 Nanoparticle for Biosensing (TiO2 Nanoparticle Served as SERS Sensing Substrate); TiO2 as Inorganic Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy; Cancer Theranostics of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles; and Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnostics and Therapy of TiO2-Based Nanoparticles. This title:

• Blends the physical properties, toxicology of TiO2 nanoparticles to the many biomedical applications
• Includes black TiO2 based cancer theranostics in its coverage
• Appeals to a broad audience of researchers in academia and industry working on nanomaterials-based biosensing, drug delivery, nanomedicine

TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Theranostics and Nanomedicine is an ideal book for medicinal chemists, analytical chemists, biochemists, materials scientists, toxicologists, and those in the pharmaceutical industry.

1
TiO₂ Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications

Ozioma U. Akakuru¹, Zubair M. Iqbal^1,2*, and Aiguo Wu¹

¹Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China

²School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University, No.2 Road of Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China

1.1 Introduction

The important discovery of ultraviolet (UV) light‐mediated water splitting on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) surface by Fujishima and Honda [1] has promoted immense research on other applications of TiO₂ nanoparticles, particularly in nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine [2]. Undoubtedly, the past few decades have witnessed an exponential growth in nanoscience and nanotechnology research activities [3–5]. Nanoparticles have gained immense interest for both academic and industrial applications owing to the fact that the use of these nanoparticles with other materials has improved scientific discoveries and breakthroughs [6]. These advances have been aided by the fact that new chemical and physical properties of materials emerge on reduction of their sizes to the nanometer range and varying their shapes [7]. It has been reported that the specific surface area and the ratio of the surface to the volume of nanomaterials dramatically increase as their sizes decrease [8]. Interestingly, high surface area, a consequence of small particle size, is of benefit to TiO₂ nanoparticles, as the surface area‐dependent interaction/reaction of TiO₂ nanoparticles devices and those of the contact media basically occurs at the surfaces or interfaces [7].

Interestingly, TiO₂ nanoparticles have been extensively studied owing to their low production costs, mechanical and chemical stabilities, thin film transparency, bio‐ and chemical inertness, hydrophilicity, high light conversion efficiency, and corrosion resistance [9,10]. Based on these exceptional properties, TiO₂ nanoparticles have vast array of applications that include nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, solar and electrochemical cells, wastewater treatment, food, soil remediation, gas sensing, cosmetics, plastics, paint and paper productions, hydrogen fuel generation, antiseptics and antibacterial compositions, self‐cleaning devices, and printing inks [10,11]. Extensive research has been recently conducted on the nanomedical application of TiO₂ nanoparticles in the domains of cancer therapy and imaging. These recent progresses in nanomedicine do not only depend on the TiO₂ nanoparticles themselves but also on their functionalization with other inorganic or organic compounds [12]. Specifically, TiO₂ nanoparticles combined with magnetic nanoparticles have been used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and inorganic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy [13], nanocarriers in chemotherapy [12], and in the recently discovered hydrogenated black TiO₂ nanoparticles as efficient cancer photothermal therapeutic agents [14]. Their cancer therapeutic efficacy has been linked to their good biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and unique photocatalytic properties [15].

Some researchers recently opined that there are many other new applications for TiO₂ that are either under way or presently in pilot production [16]. These new applications may be uncovered sooner than expected, due to the US FDA approval of TiO₂ to be freely incorporated into numerous domestic products (dental pastes, non‐parenteral medicines, tablets, and oral capsules), thereby dramatically increasing the production and availability of TiO₂ for various applications [17]. This chapter will therefore discuss the properties, synthesis, and applications of TiO₂ nanoparticles with respect to nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine.

1.2 Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles

The fascinating properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles have dramatically enhanced their applications in various aspects [18,19]. For instance, their high light‐conversion efficiencies have been exploited for the fabrication of energy devices [20]. Their chemical stability, thin film transparency, and low production costs are responsible for their utility as photocatalysts for various environmental remediation strategies such as wastewater treatment, air pollution, and soil viability improvement [9]. Recently, TiO₂ nanoparticles were applied for cancer photothermal therapy (PTT), exploiting their non‐radiative recombination ability [14]. In the following subsections, specific properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles will be discussed in more detail.

1.2.1 Crystal Properties

Nanocrystalline TiO₂ exists in three major polymorphic forms, which include rutile, anatase, and brookite, based on the conditions of fabrication and post fabrication heat treatment [21]. The fourth polymorphic form TiO₂(B) is quite uncommon [22]. Aside these four polymorphs, some researchers have reported the successful synthesis of two high‐pressure phases from that of rutile: the TiO₂(II) that has the PbO₂‐like structure [23] and the TiO₂(H) that structure looks more like a hollandite [24].

Both the anatase and rutile phases possess tetragonal crystal structures even though they do not belong to the same phase groups, while brookite has an orthorhombic structure and the uncommon TiO₂(B) phase is monoclinic [22,25,26]. As shown in Figure 1.1, the distortion of anatase phase octahedral structure is slightly larger than that of rutile [27]. It has been reported that even though the rutile phase is less stable than the anatase phase at 0 K, corresponding energy difference betw...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• 1 TiO2 Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications
• 2 Toxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles
• 3 Antibacterial Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles
• 4 Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectrum of TiO2 Nanoparticle for Biosensing (TiO2 Nanoparticle Served as SERS Sensing Substrate)
• 5 Cancer Theranostics of White TiO2 Nanomaterials
• 6 Cancer Theranostics of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles
• 7 Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnostics and Therapy of TiO2‐Based Nanoparticles
• Index
• End User License Agreement