An overview of the secularization problem
Secular comes from the Latin word âsaeculum,â meaning a century or age. In his masterpiece, A Secular Age, Charles Taylor (2007) provides in-depth analysis of secularization. He defines secular as aiming to live the life of ordinary time rather than aiming for eternity. In other words, being secular is being worldly and seeking satisfaction in this world. Taylor puts secularization in three forms: (1) secularization of public spaces in which we see the diminishing impact of God in social and political arenas, (2) secularization of people in terms of declining belief in God and practice; and (3) secularization of religious people in terms of pursuing fulfillment in this world. In Taylorâs terms, âsecularity is a condition in which our experience of and search for fulness occurs; this is something we all share, believers and unbelievers alike⌠. Modernity brings about secularity, in all its three formsâ (Taylor, 2007, Introduction).
Secularization changes the way we perceive the world. According to Taylor, for centuries, the West perceived the world within the prism of an ordered Aristotelian Cosmos of Aquinas. To secular minds, the world is âno longer a matter of admiring, normative order, in which God has revealed himself through sings and symbolsâ (Taylor, 2007, Chapter 2). Thus, the purpose is not to derive any meaning while studying the world. Rather, it is to bring the world under âthe instrumental control of reasonâ (Taylor, 2007, Chapter 2). It is to disconnect any experienced phenomena from transcendent sources and consider them âpurely natural.â It is a purification of nature from any sacred or transcendent meaning. Thus, we end up with âthe natural order, the universe, purged of enchantment, and freed from miraculous interventions and special providences from God, operating by universal, unrespondent causal lawsâ (Taylor, 2007, Chapter 7). Science becomes a new religion dominating the mind and life of people.6 It is not âjust one road to truth, but becomes the paradigm of all roadsâ (Taylor, 2007, Chapter 14).
Indeed, as people believe in science, they give up on God. âThe modern sciences, mainly physics and biology, have weakened belief in God by assuming that the universe can be explained by a collection of laws that can be expressed in logical and mathematic formsâ (Altaie, 2016, p. 32). The increasing percentage of educated people who define themselves as atheist or agnostic is clear evidence that modern science destroys faith in God. Indeed, in some European countries, nearly half of people have no belief in God.
Nasr is a leading scholar who studies the secularization of the Muslim mind. He argues that secular ideology was systematically injected into the Muslim world from the 13th century to the 19th century onward:
nowhere is the intrusion of secularism into the Islamic world is more evident than in the field of education ⌠this is especially true not so much because of the subject matter taught but because of the point of view from which the subjects are taught. The medieval Muslim schools also taught mathematics, the natural sciences, languages, and letters, besides theology, jurisprudence, and philosophy. However, the modern subjects bearing the same name are not simply the continuation of the Islamic sciences.
(Nasr, 1981, pp. 12â13)
Nasr describes the Islamic scientific approach as follows:
The Islamic sciences breathed in a Universe in which God was everywhere. They were based upon certainty and searched after the principle of Unity in things which is reached through synthesis and integration. The modern sciences, on the contrary, live in a world in which God is nowhere or, even if there, is irrelevant to the science. They are based on doubt. Having once and for all turned their back on the unifying principles of things, they seek to analyze and divide the contents of Nature to an ever greater degree, moving towards multiplicity and away from Unity.
(Nasr, 1981, p. 13)
Al-Attas seems to agree with Taylor and Nasr that secularization goes far beyond politics and public domain. He defines three dimensions of secularization as âthe disenchantment of nature, the desacralization of politics, and the deconsecration of values.â He defines the first type as
âfreeing of nature from its religious overtones; ⌠the dispelling of animistic spirits and gods and magic from the natural world, separating it from God and distinguishing man from it, so that man no longer regard nature as a divine entity, which thus allows him to act freely upon nature, to make use of it according to his needs and plans, and hence create historical change and development.
(Al-Attas, 1993, p. 18)
In other words, secularization means depriving any transcendent meaning from the scientific studies of cosmic phenomena.
The secular scientific approach is a problem because, from the Islamic point of view, we should read the book of the universe to learn about its Author and live accordingly:
If nature is like a great, open Book, then we must learn the meaning of the Words in order to discern their tentative and final purposes and enact their bidding and invitations and instructions to beneficial use in such wise that we might come to know and acknowledge in grateful appreciation the overwhelming generosity and wisdom of incomparable Author.
(Al-Attas, 1993, p. 39)
The secular scientific approach7 aims to distance a person from âthe God of the universe so that he might act freely upon the nature confronting himâ (Al-Attas, 1993, p. 36).
Al-Attas argues that the corruption of the Muslim mind through secular knowledge is the core problem, not corrupt political leadership.
If we ask ourselves what is it that is corrupt about their leadership we will recognize at once that it is their knowledge that is corrupt which renders their leadership corrupt. Corrupt leadership is the effect and not the cause; it is the effect of confusion and error in knowledge of Islam and its worldview.
(Al-Attas, 1993, p. 114)
Al-Attas vigorously fights against secularization of knowledge and values, because he thinks it is detrimental to the Islamic worldview: ânot only is secularization as a whole the expression of an utterly unislamic worldview, it is also set against Islam, and Islam totally rejects the explicit as well as implicit manifestation and ultimate significance of secularizationâ (Al-Attas, 1993, p. 41). He makes compelling arguments that believers are not supposed to forget the hereafter for the sake of this world (dunya). He refers to the verses on worldly life (al-hayatul al-dunya) as the equivalent of secular. He defines Islamization of knowledge as the liberation from the secular worldview and language.
Nasr and Al-Attas elegantly and accurately diagnose the malaise of modern society with its major symptoms. They also portray a great picture of a healthy civilization. They have not succeeded in freeing the Muslim minds from secular ideology. Nursi did come up with a similar diagnosis long before Nasr and Al-Attas.8 However, he believed that Sufism is not a viable option in modern times. Instead, he offered a Tawhčdč worldview based on the mânâ-i harfÎ through the proper use of the self.
Nursiâs view of the secularization problem
Nursi would agree with all three scholars discussed earlier regarding the secularization of mind and life coming through modern science and technology. âFor sure,â he said, âat the end of time, mankind will pour into science and technology. It will obtain all its power from science. Power and dominion will pass to the hand of scienceâ (Nursi, 2012g, p. 275). Even though Nursi initially embraced science with great enthusiasm, it did not take long for him to reject the embedded secular ideology. Then, he dedicated his life to fighting against this ideology.9 Although it is clear that Nursi considered secular ideology the greatest enemy of humanity, his followers and some scholars10 miss this point because of four reasons.
First, Nursi has always emphasized that âOur enemies are ignorance, poverty, and conflict. We shall fight against these three enemies with the weapons of knowledge, technology, and unity respectivelyâ (Nursi, 2012d, p. 387). Thus, it seems that he believed that the greatest enemy was ignorance, not knowledge. However, it is important to note that Nursi made the above statement to the Kurdish community, whose ...