Amnesty, Serious Crimes and International Law
Global Perspectives in Theory and Practice
Josepha Close
- 296 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
Amnesty, Serious Crimes and International Law
Global Perspectives in Theory and Practice
Josepha Close
About This Book
Amnesty, Serious Crimes and International Law examines the permissibility of amnesties for serious crimes in the contemporary international order. In the last few decades, there has been a growing tendency to consider that amnesties are prohibited in respect of certain grave crimes. However, the question remains controversial as there is no explicit treaty ban and general amnesties continue to be frequently issued in post-conflict and transitional contexts. The first part of the book explores the use of amnesties from antiquity to the present day. It reviews amnesty traditions in ancient societies and provides a global picture of modern amnesties. In parallel, it traces the development of the accountability paradigm underpinning the current prohibitive stance on amnesties. The second part assesses the position of modern international law on amnesties. It comprehensively analyses the main arguments supporting the existence of a general amnesty ban, including the duty to prosecute international crimes, the right to redress of victims of human rights violations, international standards and trends in state practice, and the mandate of international criminal courts. The book argues that, while international legal or policy requirements restrict the freedom of states to extend amnesty in respect of serious crimes, or the effectiveness of amnesty measures in preventing the prosecution of such crimes, these restrictions do not add up to an absolute and universal prohibition.
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Part 1
The use of amnesties from antiquity to today
1 Ancient amnesties
Introduction
1. The origins of amnesty
Early Egyptian amnesties
If one man flee from the land of Egypt, or two, or three, and they come to the great chief of Hatti, the great chief of Hatti shall seize them and shall cause them to be brought back to [Ramses], the great ruler of Egypt. But as for the man who shall be brought to [Ramses], the great ruler of Egypt, let not his crime be charged against him, let not his house, his wives or his children be destroyed, [let him not] be [killed], let no injury be done to his eyes, to his ears, to his mouth or to his legs, let not any [crime be charged] against him.Likewise, if a man flee from the land of Hatti, be he one, be he two, or be he three, and they come to [Ramses], the great ruler of Egypt, let [Ramses], the [great] ruler [of Egypt, cause] them to be brought to the great chief of Hatti, and the great chief of Hatti shall not charge their crime against them, and they shall not destroy his house, his wives or his children, and they shall not kill him, and they shall not do injury to his ears, to his eyes, to his mouth or to his legs, and they shall not charge any crime against him.6
A beautiful day! Heaven and Earth rejoice, for Thou are the great Lord of Egypt. Those who had fled have returned to their home-towns; those who were in hiding have come forth. The hungry are sated and rejoice, the thirsty are drunk. The naked are clothed in fine linen, the ragged wear fair garments. Those who were in bonds are free again; those who were in chains rejoice. The rebels in this land are become free men once more. High Niles are come forth from their caverns and make glad the heart of the people.8
King Ptolemy and Queen Cleopatra the Sister and Queen Cleopatra the Wife proclaim an amnesty to all their subjects for errors, crimes, accusations, condemnations, and charges of all kinds up to year 52, 9 Pharmouthi, except to persons guilty of wilful murder or sacrilege. And they have decreed that persons who have gone into hiding because they were guilty of theft or subject to other charges shall return to their homes and resume their former occupations, and their remaining property shall not be sold.11
Amnesty in classical Athens
All such as have been banished or detected of naughty life, before Solon made his laws, shall be restored again to their goods and good name, except those which were condemned by order of the council of the Aeropagites, or by the Ephetes, or by the king in open court, for murder, and death of any man, or for aspiring to usurp tyranny.15
When Xerxes, the king of Persia, set out on his now famous expedition against Greece, the Athenians became alarmed at the magnitude of his preparations and the dangers threatening them. Consequently, they decided to recall their exiles and to reinstate them in all their civic rights, giving all an equal share in the common duties as well as in the common dangers. Thereupon they exchanged pledges and swore sacred oaths. Relying on their valor, the Athenians placed themselves in the forefront of all the Greeks and encountered the Persians at Marathon. After they had a...