Industrial Biotechnology

Plant Systems, Resources and Products

Mukesh Yadav, Vikas Kumar, Nirmala Sehrawat, Mukesh Yadav, Vikas Kumar, Nirmala Sehrawat

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9783110563306
• eBook ISBN: 9783110563542
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biochemistry
• Index: Biological Sciences

Industrial Biotechnology summarizes different aspects of plant biotechnology such as using plants as sustainable resources, phytomedical applications, phytoremedation and genetic engineering of plant systems. These topics are discussed from an academic as well industrial perspective and thus highlight recent developments but also practical aspects of modern biotechnology.

1 Inulinase and pullulanase production from agro-industrial residues

R. S. Singh

Taranjeet Singh

Abstract

Inulinases and pullulanases have attracted the global attention of researchers owing to their vast applications in food industries. Inulinases hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages of inulin to produce fructooligosaccharides and high fructose syrup, whereas pullulanases hydrolyze the α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages in pullulan, starch and amylopectin to yield maltotriose, resistant starch, panose, isopanose, etc. Commercially, pullulanases are used in the starch liquefication and saccharification process, which reduces the use of glucoamylases by 50% in the industrial starch conversion process. Cost of substrate is an important factor in bioprocess economics. Therefore, many low-cost fermentation processes have been developed for the production of inulinases and pullulanases using various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter focuses on the production of inulinases and pullulanases in both the solid state and submerged fermentation (SmF) using agro-industrial residues, their purification, characterization as well as their applications.

Keywords: Inulinase, pullulanases, glucoamylases, liquefication, saccharification,

1.1 Introduction

Inulinases, are an important class of industrial enzymes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 32, are characterized on the basis of their action pattern on inulin. Although inulinases have been reported from a variety of plants, animals and microorganisms, they are present in very minute quantities in plants and animals, thereby making microorganisms the best source of inulinases. Among the microorganisms, Aspergillus sp., Bacillus sp., Kluyveromyces sp., Penicillium sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Streptomyces sp. are quite efficient inulinase producers [1]. There are several advantages of microbial inulinases, such as they offer easy cultivation and genetic manipulation, high production yield, rapid multiplication, and considerable variability in biophysical and biochemical characteristics, and they are mostly inducible and extracellular in nature [2, 3]. Inulinases from fungal sources can be produced at lower substrate concentrations and have low pH and higher temperature stability, making them industrially more advantageous over other microbial sources. Inulinases have been produced in both solid state and submerged fermentations (SmFs) using a wide range of substrates and microorganisms [2, 3].

On the basis of their mode of action, inulinases are classified as exoinulinases (EC 3.2.1.80) and endoinulinases (3.2.1.7). Exoinulinases perform sequential degradation from the non-reducing end of the inulin, releasing fructose with a molecule of glucose, whereas endoinulinases act arbitrarily on the internal β-2,1-glycosidic linkages of inulin to produce fructooligosaccharides of varied chain lengths. The exoacting and endoacting natures of inulinases mainly depend on the source of the enzyme. Inulinases from fungal sources are generally exoacting. However, in some cases, fungal strains like Aspergillus sp., Chrysosporium pannorum and Penicillium rugulosum, and the yeast strain Cryptococcus aureus produce both exo- and endoinulinases [1, 2]. Although most of the microorganisms produce extracellular inulinases, in some strains the enzyme location is intracellular [4, 5], and yet some other microbial species produce both extra- and intracellular inulinases [6]. Inulinases are used for the production of high fructose syrup, fructooligosaccharides, bioethanol, single-cell oil, single-c...

Table of contents

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• List of contributing authors
• Editors’ Biographies
• 1 Inulinase and pullulanase production from agro-industrial residues
• 2 Agro-industrial lignocellulosic residues for the production of industrial enzymes
• 3 Biotechnological conversion of plant biomass into value-added products
• 4 Plants and plant-derived materials used for biosensor development
• 5 Plant resources: In vitro production, challenges and prospects of secondary Metabolites from medicinal plants
• 6 Phytomedicine: History, scope and future prospects
• 7 Plant tissue culture for commercial propagation of economically important plants
• 8 Genetically modified plants: Developments and industrial aspects
• 9 Chloroplast genetic engineering: Concept and industrial applications
• 10 Plant biotechnology: Industrial prospects and scopes
• Index