Making our Place

Exploring land-use tensions in Aotearoa New Zealand

Jacinta Ruru, Janet Stephenson, Mick Abbott

• Publisher: Otago University Press
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN: 9781877372889
• eBook ISBN: 9781927322192
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Australian & Oceanian History
• Index: Biological Sciences

Fascination with the interplay of people and place inspired the editors to bring together New Zealanders from different backgrounds and disciplines to explore some of the stories and sites of conflict and change to be found amongst our sacred, historic, rural, urban and coastal landscapes. All of the writers in making our place engage with the underlying question: are there better ways to reconcile the tensions inherent in our struggles with the land and each other?

Notes

Chapter 1: Tension Lines
Jacinta Ruru, Janet Stephenson, Mick Abbott

1 K. Olwig, Landscape, Nature, and the Body Politic: From Britain’s renaissance to America’s new world (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002).

2 R. Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End (Auckland: Penguin, 2nd edn, 2004) 24. Others put it at about AD 1200: M. King, The Penguin History of New Zealand (Auckland: Penguin, 2003) 48.

3 For an introduction to the Māori language see H.M. Ngata, English–Māori Dictionary (Wellington: Learning Media, 1993).

4 See E.T. Durie, ‘Will the Settlers Settle? Cultural Conciliation and Law’, Otago Law Review 8(4) (1996), 449; A. Frame and P. Meredith, ‘Performance and Māori Customary Legal Process’, Journal of the Polynesian Society 114, (2005) 135; and H.M. Mead, Tikanga Māori. Living by Māori Values (Wellington: Huia Publishers, 2003). New Zealand Law Commission, Māori Customs and Values in New Zealand Law. Study Paper 9. (Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission, 2001). For written sources of stories: see P. Grace, The Sky People and Other Stories (Auckland: Penguin, 1994); and R. Walker, Ngā Pepa a Ranginui. The Walker Papers (Auckland: Penguin, 1996). For an introduction to Māori mythology see R. Calman and A.W. Reed, Reed Book of Māori Mythology (Wellington: Reed Books, 2nd edn, 2004).

5 See J. Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland: Penguin, 1996).

6 For an analysis of the textual problems with the Treaty see Biggs, ‘Humpty-Dumpty and the Treaty of Waitangi’ in I.H. Kawharu, ed., Waitangi: Māori and Pākehā Perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1989) 300–312.

7 This translation of the Māori text is provided by Professor Sir Hugh Kawharu. To view a copy of the Treaty, see the First Schedule of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 on the Government’s official Treaty website: <http://tiny.cc/dv5vu> To gain a good understanding of the history of the Treaty see C. Orange, An Illustrated History of the Treaty of Waitangi (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books Ltd, 2004); ‘The Māori People and British Crown (1769–1840)’ in K. Sinclair, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand, (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 1996) 21; and C. Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi (Wellington: Allen & Unwin N.Z. Ltd., 1987).

8 See J. Belich, The New Zealand Wars (Auckland: Penguin, 1998).

9 To better appreciate the workings of the Court see: D.V. Williams, ‘Te Kooti Tango Whenua’: The Native Land Court 1864–1909 (Wellington: Huia Publishers, 1999); Waitangi Tribunal, The Kaipara Report Wai 674 (2006); and R. Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land: Governments and Māori Land on the North Island 1865–1921 (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2007).

10 See W.J. Gardner, ‘A Colonial Economy’ in G. Rice, ed., The Oxford History of New Zealand (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn, 1992).

11 See Owen Hembry, ‘Tourism beats dairy as biggest earner’ NZ Herald, 28 October 2010. Available at <http://tiny.cc/fd5r0>

12 See D. Grinlinton, ‘Contemporary Environmental Law in New Zealand’ in K.Bosselmann and D. Grinlinton, eds, Environmental Law for a Sustainable Society, New Zealand Centre for Environmental Law Monograph Series: Vol 1 (2002) 19–46; D. Nolan, ed., Environmental and Resource Management Law, (Auckland: LexisNexis, 3rd edn, 2005).

13 See section 5 for a definition of sustainable management.

14 See sections 43–58A.

15 Regional policy statements, regional plans, regional coastal plans and district plans – see sections 59–77D.

16 The Treaty of Waitangi is not part of domestic law. Since the 1980s, the Treaty is commonly said to form part of its informal constitution along with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and the Constitution Act 1986. Therefore, for the judiciary or those acting under the law, the Treaty itself usually only becomes relevant if it has been expressly incorporated into statute.

Chapter 2: The Political and Juridical Battle in the Salt-sand Environment
Jacinta Ruru

1 Attorney-General v Ngāti Apa [2003] 3 NZLR 643 (Ngāti Apa).

2 R. Boast, The Foreshore: Rangahau Whānui National Theme Q Series (Wellington: Waitangi Tribunal, 1996) 22.

3 Amodu Tijani v Secretary, Southern Nigeria [1921] 2 AC 399: 407, and Ngāti Apa at para 15.

4 See Native Lands Acts 1862 and 1865.

5 Land can also have the status of general land reserved for Māori and Crown land reserved for Māori. For a definition of all six types of land see section 129(1) of Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993.

6 (1847) NZPCC 387.

7 (1877) 3 NZ Jur (NS) 72: 78.

8 Nireaha Tamaki v Baker [1901] AC 561.

9 In Re the Ninety Mile Beach [1963] NZLR 461.

10 Section 12(2). For the definition of the coastal marine area see section 2.

11 See section 131(1).

12 See section 130.

13 In Re Marlborough Sounds Foreshore and Seabed, 22A Nelson MB 1, 22 December 1997, Hingston J. (Māori Land Court interim decision). Crown Law Office v Māori Land Court (Marlborough Sounds) 1998/3-9 Te Waipounamu ACMB, 19 October 1998, Chief Justice Durie, C.J. Smith, J. Carter, J. Isaac (Māori Appellate Court decision).

14 Re Marlborough Sounds Foreshore and Seabed Decision [2002] 2 NZLR 661.

15 Ibid., at para 13.

16 Ibid., at para 31.

17 See Otago Daily Times, 24 June 2003, 1.

18 Government of New Zealand, Protecting Public Access and Customary Rights: Government Proposals for Consultation (Wellington: Government Publications, 2003).

19 Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, ‘Report on the Analysis of Submissions’ (Wellington: Government Publications, December 2003), 3.

20 Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Summary of the Foreshore and Seabed Framework.

21 For the jurisdiction of the Tribunal see section 6(1) of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975.

22 Note that the tribunal can recommend to the Crown action to compensate for or remove the prejudice or to prevent other persons from being similarly affected in the future. The recommendation may be in general terms or may indicate in specific terms the action that, in the tribunal’s opinion, the Crown should take. See section 6(3–4) of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975; and Giselle Byrnes, The Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand History (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2004).

23 Waitangi Tribunal, ‘Report on the Crown’s Foreshore and Seabed Policy’, xiii–xiv.

24 Ibid., xiv–xv.

25 See Deputy Prime Minister Michael Cullen’s official speech, ‘Waitangi Tribunal Report Disappointing’, 8 March 2004.

26 Ibid.

27 TV ONE Network News, 12 March 2004; and ‘Helen Clark Hits Out at ...

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Dedication
• Foreword
• introduction
• challenges
• transformations
• negotiations
• negotiations
• Contributors
• Notes
• Index
• Back Cover