LA FEMME ABANDONNĂE
A MADAME LA DUCHESSE DâAERANTĂS,
SON AFFECTIONNĂ SERVITEUR,
HONORĂ DE BALZAC.
Paris, août 1835.
En 1822, au commencement du printemps, les mĂ©decins de Paris envoyĂšrent en Basse-Normandie un jeune homme qui relevait alors dâune maladie inflammatoire causĂ©e par quelque excĂšs dâĂ©tude, ou de vie peut-ĂȘtre. Sa convalescence exigeait un repos complet, une nourriture douce, un air froid et lâabsence totale de sensations extrĂȘmes. Les grasses campagnes du Bessin et lâexistence pĂąle de la province parurent donc propices Ă son rĂ©tablissement.
Il vint Ă Bayeux, jolie ville situĂ©e Ă deux lieues de la mer, chez une de ses cousines, qui lâaccueillit avec cette cordialitĂ© particuliĂšre aux gens habituĂ©s Ă vivre dans la retraite, et pour lesquels lâarrivĂ©e dâun parent ou dâun ami devient un bonheur.
A quelques usages prĂšs, toutes les petites villes se ressemblent. Or, aprĂšs plusieurs soirĂ©es passĂ©es chez sa cousine Mme de Sainte-SevĂšre, ou chez les personnes qui composaient sa compagnie, ce jeune Parisien, nommĂ© M. le baron Gaston de Nueil, eut bientĂŽt connu les gens que cette sociĂ©tĂ© exclusive regardait comme Ă©tant toute la ville. Gaston de Nueil vit en eux le personnel immuable que les observateurs retrouvent dans les nombreuses capitales de ces anciens Etats qui formaient la France dâautrefois.
CâĂ©tait dâabord la famille dont la noblesse, inconnue Ă cinquante lieues plus loin, passe, dans le dĂ©partement, pour incontestable et de la plus haute antiquitĂ©. Cette espĂšce de famille royale au petit pied effleure par ses alliances, sans que personne sâen doute, les Navarreins, les Grandlieu, touche aux Cadignan, et sâaccroche aux Blamont-Chauvry. Le chef de cette race illustre est toujours un chasseur dĂ©terminĂ©. Homme sans maniĂšres, il accable tout le monde de sa supĂ©rioritĂ© nominale; tolĂšre le sous-prĂ©fet, comme il souffre lâimpĂŽt; nâadmet aucune des puissances nouvelles créées par le dix-neuviĂšme siĂšcle, et fait observer, comme une monstruositĂ© politique, que le premier ministre nâest pas gentilhomme. Sa femme a le ton tranchant, parle haut, a eu des adorateurs, mais fait rĂ©guliĂšrement ses pĂąques; elle Ă©lĂšve mal ses filles, et pense quâelles seront toujours assez riches de leur nom. La femme et le mari nâont dâailleurs aucune idĂ©e du luxe actuel: ils gardent les livrĂ©es de théùtre, tiennent aux anciennes formes pour lâargenterie, les meubles, les voitures, comme pour les mĆurs et le langage. Ce vieux faste sâallie dâailleurs assez bien avec lâĂ©conomie des provinces. Enfin câest les gentilshommes dâautrefois, moins les lods et ventes, moins la meute et les habits galonnĂ©s; tous pleins dâhonneur entre eux, tous dĂ©vouĂ©s Ă des princes quâils ne voient quâĂ distance. Cette maison historique incognito conserve lâoriginalitĂ© dâune antique tapisserie de haute-lice.
THE FORSAKEN WOMAN
TO THE DUCHESSE DâURANTĂS,
HER LOVING SERVANT,
HONORĂ DE BALZAC.
Paris, August 1835.
In 1822, at the beginning of spring, the Paris doctors sent to Lower Normandy a young man who was just getting over an inflammatory illness caused by somehow overdoing his studies, or perhaps his whole way of life. His convalescence required complete rest, light food, cool air, and the total absence of excitement. The fertile farmland of the Bessin region and the pallid existence of the provinces thus seemed favorable to his full recovery.
He came to Bayeux, a lovely town located two leagues from the sea and stayed with one of his female cousins, who welcomed him with that cordiality peculiar to people accustomed to living in seclusion, people for whom the arrival of a relative or friend becomes a source of happiness.
Except for a few local customs, all small towns are alike. Now, after spending several evenings with his cousin, Madame de Sainte-SevĂšre,1 or at the homes of her circle of friends, this young Parisian, Baron Gaston de Nueil, had soon met all the people regarded by that exclusive society as counting for anything in the town. Gaston de Nueil recognized in them the unchanging list of characters that observant people discover in all the numerous capitals of those old states that formerly comprised France.
First of all there was the family whose noble ancestry, never heard of fifty leagues away, is held in the dĂ©partement to be unquestioned and of the highest antiquity. This type of âroyal familyâ on a small footing, through its marriage alliances (though no one suspects it), are ever so slightly connected with the Navarreins and the Grandlieu families, somewhat more closely with the Cadignans, and rather more firmly with the Blamont-Chauvrys. The head of this locally famous clan is always a dedicated hunter. Devoid of manners, he crushes everyone else with the superiority of his name; he puts up with the sub-prefect,2 just as he tolerates the taxes; he refuses to acknowledge any of the new forces created by the nineteenth century, and considers it a political horror that the prime minister isnât a born gentleman. His wife has cutting ways, talks loud, has had admirers, but takes her Easter sacrament regularly; she raises her daughters badly, in the belief that their name will always be their fortune. Moreover, neither husband nor wife has any idea of what luxurious living means nowadays: they still dress their servants in livery out of some old play, they insist on old styles in silverware, furniture, and carriages, as well as in habits and forms of speech. Anyway, this outmoded finery is quite well suited to provincial frugality. In short, they are the gentlefolk of the past, minus the feudal trappings,3 minus the pack of staghounds and the braided coats: all of them full of honor among themselves, all of them devoted to royal persons whom they see only from a distance. This kind of incognito historic house retains the originality of an old high-warp tapestry.
Dans la famille vĂ©gĂšte infailliblement un oncle ou un frĂšre, lieutenant-gĂ©nĂ©ral, cordon rouge, homme de cour, qui est allĂ© en Hanovre avec le marĂ©chal de Richelieu, et que vous retrouvez lĂ comme le feuillet Ă©garĂ© dâun vieux pamphlet du temps de Louis XV.
A cette famille fossile sâoppose une famille plus riche, mais de noblesse moins ancienne. Le mari et la femme vont passer deux mois dâhiver Ă Paris, ils en rapportent le ton fugitif et les passions Ă©phĂ©mĂšres. Madame est Ă©lĂ©gante, mais un peu guindĂ©e et toujours en retard avec les modes. Cependant elle se moque de lâignorance affectĂ©e par ses voisins; son argenterie est moderne; elle a des grooms, des nĂšgres, un valet de chambre. Son fils aĂźnĂ© a tilbury, ne fait rien, il a un majorat; le cadet est auditeur au conseil dâEtat.
Le pĂšre, trĂšs au fait des intrigues du ministĂšre, raconte des anecdotes sur Louis XVIII et sur Mme du Cayla, il place dans le cinq pour cent, Ă©vite la conversation sur les cidres, mais tombe encore parfois dans la manie de rectifier le chiffre des fortunes dĂ©partementales; il est membre du conseil gĂ©nĂ©ral, se fait habiller Ă Paris, et porte la croix de la LĂ©gion dâhonneur. Enfin ce gentilhomme a compris la Restauration, et bat monnaie Ă la Chambre; mais son royalisme est moins pur que celui de la famille avec laquelle il rivalise. Il reçoit la Gazette et les DĂ©bats. Lâautre famille ne lit que la Quotidienne.
Monseigneur lâĂ©vĂȘque, ancien vicaire-gĂ©nĂ©ral, flotte entre ces deux puissances qui lui rendent les honneurs dus Ă la religion, mais en lui faisant sentir parfois la morale que le bon La Fontaine a mise Ă la fin de lâAne chargĂ© de reliques. Le bonhomme est roturier.
There infallibly vegetates within the family an uncle or brother who was a lieutenant general, decorated with the order of Saint-Louis, a courtier who went to Hanover with Marshal Richelieu,4 and whom you find there like a stray leaf from an old pamphlet of Louis XVâs day.
In opposition to that fossilized family is another thatâs wealthier but whose nobility doesnât go back as far. The husband and wife spend two months of the winter in Paris and bring back its transitory tone and ephemeral passions. The lady is elegant, but in a somewhat clumsy way, and always behind the times when it comes to fashions. Nevertheless she makes fun of her neighborsâ ignorance; her silverware is up-to-date; she has grooms, black pageboys, a valet. Her eldest son drives a tilbury, is idle, has entailed property; the younger one is a probationary official of the State Council.5
The father, quite up on the intrigues of the ministry, tells anecdotes about Louis XVIII and Madame du Cayla;6 he invests in the five-percent funds, avoids discussions about cider, but still at times succumbs to the mania of stating the correct amount of the wealth of everybody in the dĂ©partement; heâs a member of the dĂ©partement legislative assembly, has his clothes made in Paris, and wears the cross of the Legion of Honor.7 In short, this gentleman knows what the Restoration is all about, and coins money in the assembly; but his royalism is less pure than that of the family heâs competing with. He takes in the Gazette and the DĂ©bats. The other family reads nothing but the Quotidienne.8
The bishop, a former vicar-general, hovers between these two forces, who give him the honors due to religion, while sometimes making him aware of the moral that good old La Fontaine put at the end of his fable âThe Donkey Carrying Relics.â9 The fellow is a commoner.
Puis viennent les astres secondaires, les gentilshommes qui jouissent de dix ou douze mille livres de rente, et qui ont Ă©tĂ© capitaines de vaisseau, ou capitaines de cavalerie, ou rien du tout. A cheval par les chemins, ils tiennent le milieu entre le curĂ© portant les sacrements et le contrĂŽleur des contributions en tournĂ©e. Presque tous ont Ă©tĂ© dans les pages ou dans les mousquetaires, et achĂšvent paisiblement leurs jours dans une faisance-valoir, plus occupĂ©s dâune coupe de bois ou de leur cidre que de la monarchie. Cependant ils parlent de la Charte et des libĂ©raux entre deux rubbers de whist ou pendant une partie de trictrac, aprĂšs avoir calculĂ© des dots et arrangĂ© des mariages en rapport avec les gĂ©nĂ©alogies quâils savent par cĆur. Leurs femmes font les fiĂšres et prennent les airs de la cour dans leurs cabriolets dâosier; elles croient ĂȘtre parĂ©es quand elles sont affublĂ©es dâun chĂąle et dâun bonnet; elles achĂštent annuellement deux chapeaux, mais aprĂšs de mĂ»res dĂ©libĂ©rations, et se les font apporter de Paris par occasion; elles sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement vertueuses et bavardes.
Autour de ces Ă©lĂ©ments principaux de la gent aristocratique se groupent deux ou trois vieilles filles de qualitĂ© qui ont rĂ©solu le problĂšme de lâimmobilisation de la crĂ©ature humaine. Elles semblent ĂȘtre scellĂ©es dans les maisons oĂč vous les voyez: leurs figures, leurs toilettes font partie de lâimmeuble, de la ville, de la province; elles en sont la tradition, la mĂ©moire, lâesprit. Toutes ont quelque chose de raide et de monumental; elles savent sourire ou hocher la tĂȘte Ă propos, et, de temps en temps, disent des mots qui passent pour spirituels.
Quelques riches bourgeois se sont glissĂ©s dans ce petit faubourg Saint-Germain, grĂące Ă leurs opinions aristocratiques ou Ă leurs fortunes. Mais, en dĂ©pit de leurs quarante ans, lĂ chacun dit dâeux:
â Ce petit un tel pense bien!
Et lâon en fait des dĂ©putĂ©s. GĂ©nĂ©ralement ils sont protĂ©gĂ©s par les vieilles filles, mais lâon en cause.
Puis enfin deux ou trois ecclĂ©siastiques sont reçus dans cette sociĂ©tĂ© dâĂ©lite, pour leur Ă©tole, ou parce quâils ont de lâesprit, et que ces nobles personnes, sâennuyant entre elles, introduisent lâĂ©lĂ©ment bourgeois dans leurs salons, comme un boulanger met de la levure dans sa pĂąte.
La somme dâintelligence amassĂ©e dans toutes ces tĂȘtes se compose dâune certaine quantitĂ© dâidĂ©es anciennes auxquelles se mĂȘlent quelques pensĂ©es nouvelles qui se brassent en commun tous les soirs. Semblables Ă lâeau dâune petite anse, les phrases qui reprĂ©sentent ces idĂ©es ont leur flux et reflux quotidien, leur remous perpĂ©tuel, exactement pareil: qui en entend aujourdâhui le vide retentissement lâentendra demain, dans un an, toujours. Leurs arrĂȘts immuablement portĂ©s sur les choses dâici-bas forment une science traditionnelle Ă laquelle il nâest au pouvoir de personne dâajouter une goutte dâesprit. La vie de ces routiniĂšres personnes gravite dans une sphĂšre dâhabitudes aussi incommutables que le sont leurs opinions religieuses, politiques, morales et littĂ©raires.
Then come the lesser lights, the gentlemen with a private income of ten or twelve thousand francs a year; they were ship captains, cavalry captains, or nothing at all. Riding their horses on the road, they keep to the middle ground in between the priest carrying the sacraments and the tax inspector making his rounds. Almost all of them have been in the corps of royal pages or in the corps of royal musketeers, and are ending their days peacefully, managing their own small estates, and more concerned with selling a load of timber, or with their cider, than with the monarchy. And yet they speak about the Charter and the liberals between two rubbers of whist or during a game of backgammon, after working out dowries and arranging marriages that correspond to the pedigrees that they know by heart. Their wives act proud and assume courtly airs in their wicker gigs; they think theyâre in the height of style when decked out in a shawl and bonnet; they buy two hats a year, but only after weighty deliberations, and sometimes have them brought from Paris. Theyâre usually virtuous and talkative.
Around these chief elements of the aristocracy are grouped two or three old maids of quality who have solved the problem of immobilizing10 human beings. They seem to be sealed into the houses where you find them: their faces, their outfits, are part of the building, the town, the province; they are the local tradition, memory, spirit. All of them are somewhat stiff and monumental; they can smile or shake their head at the proper moment, and occasionally make remarks that are considered witty.
A few rich bourgeois have slipped into this miniature Faubourg Saint-Germain,11 thanks to their aristocratic views or their wealth. But, even though theyâre in their forties, everyone there says about them:
âThat little Mr. So-and-so is a right-minded chap.â
And they make them deputies. Usually theyâre under the protection of the old maids, but people talk about that.
Then, finally, two or three clergymen are received in that elite society, because of their robes, or because theyâre bright and lively, and those noblemen, bored with one another, allow the bourgeois element into their salons just as a baker adds yeast to his dough.
The sum total of intelligence amassed in all those heads consists of a certain number of old ideas, mingled with a few new thoughts that are bandied about in company every evening. Like the water in a small inlet, the phrases expressing those ideas have their daily ebb and tide, their perpetual eddies, always exactly the same: if you hear their empty roar today, youâll hear it tomorrow, a year from now, forever. Their unchanging judgments on the things of this world form a body of traditional knowledge to which nobody is capable of adding the slightest new idea. The life of these devotees of routine is confined to a circle of habits as immutable as their opinions on religion, politics, morals, and literature.
Un Ă©tranger est-il admis dans ce cĂ©nacle, chacun lui dira, non sans une sorte dâironie: â Vous ne trouverez pas ici le brillant de votre monde parisien!
Et chacun condamnera lâexistence de ses voisins en cherchant Ă faire croire quâil est une exception dans cette sociĂ©tĂ©, quâil a tentĂ© sans succ...