Bioceramics Calcium Phosphate

K. de Groot

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781315891033
• eBook ISBN: 9781351087032
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology

The first chapters are fundamental, in that the physical chemistry of calcium phosphate salts is discussed, along with mineralization (with emphasis on teeth) and remodelling of mineralized tissues. Thereafter follows a treatment of the influence of implants o surrounding hard tissues. This topic is followed by a chapter on preparation methods and biomechanical and biological aspects of calcium phosphate implants. In conclusion, two chapters are devoted to (possible) dental and medical applications. It is hoped that basic researchers can use the book in their efforts to improve this promising class of materials further, and that clinicians are inspired to define further possibilities and at least as important limitations.

Chapter 1

FORMATION AND STABILITY OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATES IN RELATION TO THE PHASE COMPOSITION OF THE MINERAL IN CALCIFIED TISSUES

F. C. M. Driessens

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.	Introduction
II.	Formation of Calcium Phosphates
	A.	Formation of Calcium Phosphates by Precipitation from Aqueous Solutions
		1.	Incorporation of “Foreign” Ions: Fluoride
		2.	Incorporation of “Foreign” Ions: Carbonate
		3.	Incorporation of “Foreign” Ions: Sodium and Carbonate
		4.	Incorporation of “Foreign” Ions: Potassium and Carbonate
		5.	Incorporation of “Foreign” Ions: Magnesium
		6.	Incorporation of Other “Foreign” Ions
	B.	Formation of Calcium Phosphates by Solid-State Reaction
		1.	Incorporation of Halides
		2.	Incorporation of Silicate
		3.	Incorporation of Sulfide and Sulfate
		4.	Incorporation of Carbonate
		5.	Incorporation of Sodium and Carbonate
		6.	Incorporation of Magnesium
		7.	Miscellaneous Incorporations: Rhenanite
		8.	Solid-State Reactions and Density
III.	Stability of Calcium Phosphates
	A.	Stability of Calcium Phosphates at High Temperatures
		1.	The Binary System CaO–P2O5
		2.	The Ternary System CaO–P2O5–H2O
		3.	Other Ternary Systems
		4.	Quaternary and More Complex Systems
		5.	Conclusion
	B.	Stability of Calcium Phosphates in Contact With Aqueous Solutions
		1.	Solid Phase — Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the System CaO–P2O5–H2O
		2.	Solid Phase — Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the Systems CaO–P2O5–H2O–CO2 and CaO-P2O5-H2O–CO2–Na2O
		3.	Solid Phase — Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the System CaO–P2O5–H2O–MgO
		4.	Solid Phase — Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the System CaO–P2O5–H2O–HF
		5.	Solid Phase — Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the System CaO–P2O5–H2O-SrO
		6.	Additional Remarks on Solid Phase — Aqueous Phase Equilibria
IV.	Phase Composition of the Mineral in Calcified Tissues
	A.	The Rest Phase in Tooth Enamel Mineral
	B.	The Rest Phase in the Mineral of Bone and Dentin
V.	Physicochemical Factors Related to Body Fluids and Biominerals
Acknowledgment
References

I. INTRODUCTION

Choices must be made on several levels of magnification for the design of materials for implantation. On the molecular level, it is important to choose either a material that is indifferent under physiological conditions or a material that resembles the tissue for which it is substituted. Calcium phosphates belong to the second category. They are used mainly as substitutes for or improvement of calcified tissues such as bone and dental hard tissues. The main components of the mineral particles in these tissues are calcium and phosphate.

For the preparation of calcium phosphates for the purpose of implantation, knowledge about the formation and stability of calcium phosphates in general is a prerequisite. This chapter is partly intended to convey knowledge about these aspects of calcium phosphates. In this context it is also important to pay attention to the degree of resemblance that can be obtained between synthetic calcium phosphates and the biominerals of the calcified tissues. Therefore, it is necessary to include in this chapter the different concepts published about the nature of these biominerals, either in bone, dentin, or tooth enamel.

In the following chapter, attention will focus on the biological factors that determine the stability of the above-mentioned biominerals under physiological and eventually pathological conditions. This will be done for tooth enamel in Chapter 2 and for bone and bone mineral in Chapter 3. In order to relate the biological stability of the biominerals with these concepts published concerning their nature, an estimate about the physicochemical factors that determine the stability of these biominerals is also presented here.

II. FORMATION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATES

Polycrystalline calcium phosphates can be obtained in the form of a loose powder by precipitation from aqueous solution. These precipitates can contain different amounts of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions as well as water molecules, depending on the experimental conditions. Through hydrothermal techniques, the temperature can be raised above 100°C and in practice up to about 1000°C. The preparations can also contain “foreign ions” when the precipitations are carried out in their presence ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Chapter 1 Formation and Stability of Calcium Phosphates in Relation to the Phase Composition of the Mineral in Calcified Tissues
• Chapter 2 Formation and Decay of the Tooth
• Chapter 3 Histology of Bone: A Synopsis
• Chapter 4 Tissue Interactions to Bone Replacement Materials
• Chapter 5 Ceramics of Calcium Phosphates: Preparation and Properties
• Chapter 6 Dental Implants
• Chapter 7 Medical Use of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics
• Index