The Water-Food-Energy Nexus

Processes, Technologies, and Challenges

I. M. Mujtaba, R. Srinivasan, N. O. Elbashir

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781351649247
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering

Exponential growth of the worldwide population requires increasing amounts of water, food, and energy. However, as the quantity of available fresh water and energy sources directly affecting cost of food production and transportation diminishes, technological solutions are necessary to secure sustainable supplies. In direct response to this reality, this book focuses on the water-energy-food nexus and describes in depth the challenges and processes involved in efficient water and energy production and management, wastewater treatment, and impact upon food and essential commodities. The book is organized into 4 sections on water, food, energy, and the future of sustainability, highlighting the interplay among these topics. The first section emphasizes water desalination, water management, and wastewater treatment. The second section discusses cereal processing, sustainable food security, bioenergy in food production, water and energy consumption in food processing, and mathematical modeling for food undergoing phase changes. The third section discusses fossil fuels, biofuels, synthetic fuels, renewable energy, and carbon capture. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of the future of sustainability, including coverage of the role of molecular thermodynamics in developing processes and products, green engineering in process systems, petrochemical water splitting, petrochemical approaches to solar hydrogen generation, design and operation strategy of energy-efficient processes, and the sustainability of process, supply chain, and enterprise.

III

Energy

9 Fossil Fuel Emilio Diaz-Bejarano, Sandro Macchietto, Andrey V. Porsin, Davide Manca, and Valentina Depetri

Energy Efficient Thermal Retrofit Options for Crude Oil Transport in Pipelines • Process Industry Economics of Crude Oil and Petroleum Derivatives for Scheduling, Planning, and Feasibility Studies

10 Bio Fuel Sumaiya Zainal Abidin, Basudeb Saha, Raj Patel, Amir Khan, I. M. Mujtaba, Richard Butterfield, Elisabetta Mercuri, and Davide Manca

Environmentally Benign Biodiesel Production from Renewable Sources • Process for Synthesis of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil: Feasibility and Experimental Studies

11 Synthetic Fuel and Renewable Energy N. O. Elbashir, Wajdi Ahmed, Hanif A. Choudhury, Nasr Mohammad Nasr, Naila Mahdi, Kumaran Kannaiyan, Reza Sadr, Rajasekhar Batchu, Kalpesh Joshi, Naran M. Pindoriya, Haile-Selassie Rajamani, N. O. Elbashir, Laial Bani Nassr, and Mohamed Ghouri

Gas-to-liquid (GTL)-Derived Synthetic Fuels: Role of Additives in GTL-Derived Diesel Fuels • The Role of Alternative Aviation Fuels on Reducing the Carbon Footprint • Integration of Distributed Renewable Energy Generation with Customer-End Energy Management System for Effective Smart Distribution Grid Operation • Evaluation and Modeling of Demand and Generation at Distribution Level for Smart Grid Implementation • A Process to Model Fischer–Tropsch Reactors

12 Carbon Capture Atuman S. Joel, Eni Oko, Meihong Wang, Colin Ramshaw, Xiaobo Luo, Eni Oko, Akeem K. Olaleye, Jonathan G. M. Lee, KeJun Wu, DoYeon Kim, Nilay Shah, C. Kolster, N. Mac Dowell, Lin Ma, Mohamed Pourkashanian, S. Brown, Adekola Lawal, H. Mahgerefteh, R. T. J. Porter, S. Martynov, M. Fairweather, R. M. Woolley, S. A. E. G. Falle, G. C. Boulougouris, Ioannis G. Economou, D. M. Tsangaris, I. K. Nikolaidis, A. Beigzadeh, C. Salvador, K. E. Zanganeh, A. Ceroni, R. Farret, Y. Flauw, J. Hébard, D. Jamois, C. Proust, S. Y. Chen, J. L. Yu, Y. Zhang, D. Van Hoecke, R. Hojjati Talemi, S. Cooreman, J. Bensabat, R. Segev, D. Rebscher, J. L. Wolf, A. Niemi, Mert Atilhan, Ruh Ullah, Cafer T. Yavuz, Nejat Rahmanian, and Sina Gilassi

Application of Rotating Packed Bed Technology for Intensified Postcombustion CO2 Capture Based on Chemical Absorption • Process Simulation and Integration of Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plant Integrated with Chemical Absorption Carbon Capture and Compression • Postcombustion CO2 Capture Based on Chemical Absorption in Power Plants Operation of Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant (SCPP) Integrated with CO2 Capture under the UK Grid Code • Whole System Experimental and Theoretical Modeling Investigation of the Optimal CO2 Stream Composition in the Carbon Capture and Sequestration Chain • Performance of Porous Covalent Organic Polymers for CO2 Capture at Elevated Pressure • Postcombustion Carbon Capture Using Polymeric Membrane

9

Fossil Fuel

Emilio Diaz-Bejarano and Sandro Macchietto

Imperial College London

Andrey V. Porsin

Boreskov Institute of Catalysis and UNICAT Ltd

Davide Manca, Valentina Depetri

Politecnico di Milano - Italy

9.1 Energy Efficient Thermal Retrofit Options for Crude Oil Transport in Pipelines Emilio Diaz-Bejarano, Andrey V. Porsin, and Sandro Macchietto

Introduction • Drag Reduction and Prevention of Wax Deposition • Thermo-Hydraulic Model of Pipelines with Intermediate Point Heating • Case Studies • Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Subscripts

References

9.2 Process Industry Economics of Crude Oil and Petroleum Derivatives for Scheduling, Planning, and Feasibility Studies Davide Manca and Valentina Depetri

Introduction • Introduction to CO • CO Production, Consumption, Reserves, and Refinery Capacities • The Fundamentals of CO and Derivatives Markets • The Fundamentals of CO and Derivatives Markets

CO Price Forecast • Economics of Derivatives • Applications Discussion • Conclusions

List of Abbreviations

References

9.1 Energy Efficient Thermal Retrofit Options for Crude Oil Transport in Pipelines

Diaz-Bejarano Emilio, Porsin Andrey V., Macchietto Sandro

9.1.1 Introduction

Pipelines are used to transport large amounts of crude oil over large distances (either overland or subsea), representing the most economical alternative. Flow assurance faces two main problems: viscosity increase due to gradual cooling of the oil along the pipeline and fouling deposition. These problems are especially important in very cold environments (Russia, Alaska, North Sea, deep oceanic waters, etc.) and when dealing with nonconventional oils, usually heavy or extra-heavy oil and waxy oils. In many cases, the depletion of deposits in conventional oil reservoirs is gradually leading to more extraction of these types of feedstock from remote locations. All these situations result in pipeline transport difficulties such as increased pumping costs, reduced flow rates, and the possibility of flow inhibition or blockage, with potentially major economic impact (Correra et al., 2007; Martínez-Palou et al., 2011).

Crude oils are usually classified according to their American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity, which relates specific gravity of oil at 60 F to that of water at 60 F, as shown in this chapter, Table 9.1 (Riazi, 2005). Normally, the heavier the oil, the more viscous it is. Petroleum viscosity (μ) increases exponentially as temperature decreases. Pressure drop along a pipe of given diameter increases with viscosity. Hence, if crude oil is cooled down to low temperatures it becomes very difficult to transport. The problem is even more significant when transporting heavy and extra-heavy oil, which present high viscosity (10³–10⁶ cP) even at mild temperature conditions, normally due to high asphaltenes content (Martínez-Palou et al., 2011). A pipeline designed for low viscosity oils may not be able to handle the transition to heavier oils without some adaptation.

TABLE 9.1 Categorization of Crude Oils according to API Gravity

	Light	Conventional	Heavy	Extra-Heavy
API	>35	35–20	20–10	<10
μ (cP) at room T	<10	10–100	100–10,000	Up to 10^6

Oils with high content of heavy paraffinic hydrocarbons (waxy oils) are also problematic (Aiyejina et al., 2011). At temperatures below the cloud point (or wax appearance temperature, WAT), waxes start solidifying, leading to a significant increase in viscosity. When cooling is restricted to the wall of the pipe, these solids precipitate forming a fouling layer. If cooling affects the bulk of the fluid, it may lead to flow blockage due to gelling (Arnold and Gebhart, 2000). The modeling of wax deposition has drawn the attention of many researches over the past years and many mathematical models have been presented (Kok and Saracoglu, 2000; Singh et al., 2001; Correra et al., 2007; Edmonds et al., 2008; Eskin et al., 2014). In the case of offshore subsea pipelines, the high pressure required by the deep location, combined with the cold temperature of deep waters, may lead to additional deposition problems due to the formation of hydrates that can cause pipe blockage (Mehta et al., 2006).

Current and under development techniques for drag reduction and wax prevention in pipelines are reviewed in the following section. In this work, a thermal strategy using single- and mul...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Section I Water
• Section II Food
• Section III Energy
• Section IV Sustainable Future
• Index