Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants

Ram Chandra, N.K. Dubey, Vineet Kumar

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781351665629
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Botany
• Index: Biological Sciences

Phytoremediation aids to augment bioremediation as it uses broad range plants to remediate soil, sediment, surface water and ground water that have been contaminated with toxic metals, organic, pesticides and radionuclides. This book serves to disseminate detailed up to date knowledge regarding the various aspects of phytoremediation and plant-microbe interaction. The book highlights process and molecular mechanisms for industrial waste detoxification during phytoremediation in wetland plants, role of endophytic bacteria for phytoremediation of environmental pollutants, constructed wetland treatment system for treatment and recycling of hazardous wastewater, amongst other relevant topics.

Key Features:

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• Focuses on phytoremediation process for different pollutants, mainly heavy metal detoxification in the presence of other co-pollutants.

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• Includes plant-soil-microbe interactions in phytoremediations and remediation of contaminated water.

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• Explores life cycle assessment of industrial waste contaminated site with organic pollutants.

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• Discusses hyperaccumulator versus non-hyperaccumulator plants for environmental waste management.

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• Includes bacterial assisted phytoremediation and siderophore formation in specific environmental conditions.

1Phytoremediation: A Green Sustainable Technology for Industrial Waste Management

Ram Chandra and Vineet Kumar

1.1Introduction

1.2Categories of Phytoremediation, Their Principles, and Their Applications

1.2.1Phytoextraction

1.2.1.1Bioconcentration and Translocation Factors

1.2.1.2Bioaccumulation Factor and Phytoextraction Rate

1.2.1.3Metal Extraction Amount and Phytoremediation Time

1.2.1.4Types of Phytoextraction

1.2.2Phytofiltration

1.2.2.1Rhizofiltration

1.2.2.2Caulofiltration

1.2.2.3Blastofiltration

1.2.3Phytostabilization

1.2.4Phytovolatilization

1.2.4.1Direct Phytovolatilization

1.2.4.2Indirect Phytovolatilization

1.2.5Phytodegradation

1.2.6Rhizodegradation

1.2.7Phytodesalination

1.3Categories of Plants That Grow on Metal-Contaminated Sites

1.3.1Metal Excluders

1.3.2Metal Indicators

1.3.3Accumulators

1.4Mechanisms for Heavy Metal Tolerance, Accumulation, and Detoxification in Plants

1.4.1Tolerance in Plants

1.4.2Accumulation and Detoxification in Plants

1.5Mechanisms of Organic Pollutant Detoxification in Plants

1.5.1Sorption, Uptake, and Translocation of Organic Compounds to Roots

1.5.2Enzymatic Transformation of Organic Compounds

1.6Phytoremediation of Complex Industrial Wastes

1.6.1Distillery Wastes

1.6.2Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes

1.6.3Tannery Wastes

1.6.4Textile Wastes

1.6.5Agrochemicals

1.6.6Petroleum Waste

1.7Advantages, Limitations, and Disadvantages of Phytoremediation

1.8Challenges and Future Perspectives of Phytoremediation in Environmental Waste Management

1.9Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

1.1Introduction

Global industrialization, urbanization, and population in the last two decades have resulted in the generation of huge quantities of toxic waste. This hazardous waste includes a variety of organic and inorganic compounds which pose serious threats to ecosystems. Organic contaminants include different compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., benzopyrene), chlorinated solvents (i.e., polychlorinated benzenes, also known as PCBs), linear halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., trichloroethylene), volatile organic carbons, and explosives such as trinitrotoluene. Inorganic compounds include nitrates, phosphates, metals and metalloids, such as mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn), and nonradioactive or radioactive nuclides, like uranium (U), strontium (Sr), and cesium (Cs). Despite requirements for pollution control measures, these wastes are generally dumped on land or discharged into water bodies (rivers, canals, lakes, etc.) without adequate treatment, and thus they become a large source of environmental pollution and health hazards. It is, therefore, urgent to adequately remove these pollutants from contaminated sites. Contamination of soil and water poses major environmental concerns in the present scenario. A wide range of methods based on not only physical and chemical but also biological means have been available for the remediation of soil and water for decades, but environmental preservation requires development of more sustainable approaches that promise thorough, economical, and environmentally friendly ways, compared to conventional methods (Salt et al. 1995).

In recent decades, phytoremediation has provided a cost-effective, long-lasting, and aesthetic solution for remediation of hazardous pollutants from contaminated sites (Kramer 2005, Suresh and Ravishankar 2004). The idea that plants can be used for environmental remediation is very old and cannot be traced to any particular source (Raskin et al. 1997). About 300 years ago, plants were proposed for use in the treatment of wastewater. The term phytoremediation (“phyto” meaning plants and the Latin suffix “remedium” meaning to clear or restore) refers to a diverse collection of plant-based green technologies that use either naturally occurring or genetically engineered plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or degrade contaminants located in soil, sediment, and water (Cunningham et al. 1997, Newman and Reynolds 2004). Phytoremediation has also been called green remediation, botano-remediation, agroremediation, and vegetative remediation (Chaney et al. 1997). It is socially accepted by surrounding communities and regulatory agencies as a potentially effective and beautiful technology (Newman and Reynolds 2005). A number of green plants, including herbs, shrubs, and trees (both terrestrial and aquatic) have been reported to be endowed with magnificent abilities for restoration and reclamation of contaminated environments (Yoon et al. 2006, Gupta and Sinha 2007a, Qixing et al. 2011). Plants naturally provide roots, stems, and leaves as habitats for a wide array of microorganisms which can break down contaminants, enhancing the treatment process. Plants, through several natural biophysical and biochemical processes, such as adsor...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Editor
• Author
• Chapter 1 Phytoremediation: A Green Sustainable Technology for Industrial Waste Management
• Chapter 2 Hyperaccumulator versus Nonhyperaccumulator Plants for Environmental Waste Management
• Chapter 3 Adaptation Strategies of Plants against Heavy Metal Stress
• Chapter 4 Molecular Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants
• Chapter 5 Effects of Heavy-Metal Accumulation on Plant Internal Structure and Physiological Adaptation
• Chapter 6 Role of Rhizospheric Mycobiota in Remediation of Arsenic Metalloids
• Chapter 7 Bacteria-Assisted Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste Pollutants and Ecorestoration
• Chapter 8 Nutrient Availability and Plant–Microbe Interactions in Phytoremediation of Metalliferous Soils
• Chapter 9 Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria as Plant Growth Promoters and Accelerators of Phytoremediation
• Chapter 10 Quorum Sensing and Siderophore Formation Mechanism of Rhizospheric Bacteria during Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants
• Chapter 11 Common Weeds as Potential Tools for In Situ Phytoremediation and Eco-Restoration of Industrially Polluted Sites
• Chapter 12 Endophytic Bacterial Diversity in Roots of Wetland Plants and Their Potential for Enhancing Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants
• Chapter 13 Phytoremediation as a Green and Clean Tool for Textile Dye Pollution Abatement
• Chapter 14 Phytotoxicity: An Essential Tool in Ecological Risk Assessment
• Chapter 15 Vermicomposting of Lignocellulosic Waste: A Biotechnological Tool for Waste Management
• Chapter 16 Phytocapping Technology for Sustainable Management of Landfill Sites
• Chapter 17 Plant–Endophytic Bacterial Diversity for Production of Useful Metabolites and Their Effect on Environmental Parameters
• Chapter 18 Phytoremediation of Industrial Pollutants and Life Cycle Assessment
• Chapter 19 Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Arsenic Tolerance in Plants
• Index