The Political Economy Of National Security

An Annotated Bibliography

Helen V Milner, David A Baldwin

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780367294946
• eBook ISBN: 9781000304534
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Politics
• Index: Politics & International Relations

This bibliography focuses on books and articles dealing with the interplay of wealth and power in the context of national security policy, emphasising on the economic instruments of statecraft that are used to pursue national security goals and examining the politics of economic cooperation.

Part One:
Theory, Method, and Concepts of National Security Analysis

Abshire, David M., and Richard Allen, eds., National Security: Political, Military and Economic Strategies in the Decade Ahead (New York: Praeger, 1963).
The result of a conference on the relationship between strategy and economics. The book addresses a number of issues: economic constraints on strategy, economic strategies for national security, economics of alliance (Oskar Morgenstern) and the economic foundations for meeting strategic requirements.

Alting von Geusau, Frans A. M., and Jacques Pelkmans, eds., National Economic Security: Perceptions, Threats and Policies (Tilburg, The Netherlands: John F. Kennedy Institute, 1982).
Collection of papers that provides a comprehensive assessment of the concept of national economic security. Includes sections on a variety of policy issues including sanctions and energy dependence.

Baldwin, John, "The Economics of Peace and War: A Simulation," Journal of Conflict Resolution 11 (December 1967): 383-397.
Studies the strategies of players in a game to determine the conditions under which actors mil engage in war (theft) or trade (exchange) to obtain desired goods. Concludes that only with the development of trust and norms does war cease to be a rational choice.

Becker, Abraham S., "Comparisons of United States and U.S.S.R. National Output: Some Rules of the Game," World Politics 13 (October 1960): 99-111.
Establishes guidelines for the comparison of U.S. and Soviet national outputs and their components as measures of "the Soviet-American economic race."

Bergsten, C. Fred, and Lawrence B. Krause, World Politics and International Economics (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1975).
The Winter 1975 issue of International Organization, this volume presents an integrated analysis of the economic and political bases of the international economic order. Bergsten, Robert Keohane, and Joseph Nye's introductory essay discusses the declining utility of force relative to the increasing utility of economic power and lists "economic security" as one objective of the international system. Krause and Nye's concluding essay provides an expanded discussion of "collective economic security." A chapter by Frank Holzman and Robert Legvold examines economic and political motives for to East-West economic relations.

Berkowitz, Bruce D., American Security: Dilemmas for a Modem Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986).
Examines current issues affecting American national security policy by addressing the limits imposed on policy formulation by economics, politics, and technology, the nature of the choices and trade-offs which must be made, and the decision-making and implementation process. Berkowitz concludes that although security policies of free societies may be inconsistent or contradictory, the alternative is rigidity. A brief discussion of "the political economy of the foxhole" addresses the question of whether a nation's political or social system interferes with its ability to make its citizens fight during wartime.

Berkowitz, Morton, and P. G. Bock, eds., American National Security: A Reader in Theory and Policy (New York: Free Press, 1965).
A cohesive anthology of previously published works which attempts to define national security and outline its scope and limits as a field of study. Includes a section on "the economic problem" of national security with works by Klaus Knorr, Charles Hitch and Roland McKean, Alain Enthoven, and Harold Barnett, as well as essays on the economic effects of disarmament.

Berkowitz, Morton and P. G. Bock, "The Emerging Field of National Security," World Politics 19 (1966): 122-136.
After tracing the evolution of the concept of national security, this review essay categorizes works in the field according to: (1) their approach to the concept of national security (conflict vs. cooperation); or (2) the level of analysis employed (specific policies vs. methodologies for approaching classes of policies).

Berkowitz, Morton, and P. G. Bock, "National Security," International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 11 (1968).
Post 1945 academic work in national security studies, a field which analyzes the manner in which nations attempt to protect internal values from external threats, may be classified under two themes, conflict and cooperation. In addition to studies on military matters, the former school examines economic potential for war, economic criteria for selecting weapons systems, and problems of allocating national resources.

Blechman, Barry M., and Edward N. Luttwak, eds., Global Security: A Review of Strategic and Economic Issues (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, in cooperation with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., 1987).
The bulk of the 1986-7 edition of this annual collection of essays reviews events in key regions, including chapters on the Soviet economy; Southern Africa; NATO's Southern Flank; Latin America; and South Asia. An essay by Gary Hufbauer and Kimberly Ann Elliott on "The International Economy with a National Security Perspective" touches on a wide range of issues, including the debt crisis and the consequences of the overvalued dollar and resulting trade imbalances for defense spending and alliance politics.

Blumenthal, W. Michael, "The World Economy and Technological Change," Foreign Affairs 66 (1987/88): 529-550.
Blumenthal calls for a redefinition of the concept of national interest to allow for the international cooperation needed to manage global issues and problems brought about by rapid technological changes.

Boulding, Kenneth E., Conflict and Defense: A General Theory (New York: Harper & Row, 1962).
Develops theoretical models of conflict as a general social process and applies them to economic, industrial, international, ideological, and ethical conflict.

Boulding, Kenneth E., "Towards a Pure Theory of Threat Systems," The American Economic Review 53 (May 1963): 424-434.
A classic article in which the author analyzes social systems in terms of three fundamental mechanisms: threats, exchange, and image integration.

Boulding, Kenneth E., "The Economics and the Noneconomics of the World War Industry," Contemporary Policy Issue 4 (October 1986): 12-21.
A meditation on the horrors of war, the voraciousness and "noneconomical" nature of military budgets, and the nature of nuclear weapons.
The author claims that the latter "have made national defense essentially obsolete and the greatest enemy of national security."

Brown, Lester R., Redefining National Security, Worldwatch Paper 14 (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, October 1977). The author argues for a broader definition of security that takes into account non-military threats such as global ecological and economic disasters.

Bull, Hedley, "Strategic Studies and Its Critics," World Politics 20 (July 1968): 593-605.
Assesses the current state of the field of strategic studies and responds to criticisms. Except for a very brief mention of the analogy between strategic studies and the field of economics, there is no discussion of economic issues.

Buzan, Barry, An Introduction to Strategic Studies: Military Technology and International Relations (New York: St. Martin's Press and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1977).
Provides a framework for studying the use of force in political relations within and between states, based on prevailing technologies and the anarchic nature of the international system. Part IV examines military technology as a problem in itself and the economic, political, and military logic of disarmament, arms control, and non-provocative defense as potential responses.

*Buzan, Barry, People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983).
The notion of security at the level of states is inadequate and ambiguous. This book attempts to develop a holistic concept of security by asking: (1) what are the referent objects of security? and (2) what are the necessary conditions for security? Chapter Five looks at the relationship between the international economic system and national security and examines the major assumptions about security contained in liberal and mercantilist doctrines.

Buzan, Barry, "Economic Structure and International Security: The Limits of the Liberal Case," International Organization 38 (Autumn 1984): 597-624.
Challenges the argument that a liberal international economic structure is necessary for international security and claims that the attempt to link economic structure to security overestimates the influence of economic factors and underestimates political and military influences on the use of force. Concludes that a liberal economy, because it is structurally unstable, may actually stimulate the use of force in international relations.

Coleman, D.C., ed., Revisions in Mercantilism (London: Methuen, 1969).
A sophisticated collection of essays, most previously published elsewhere, which highlights the mercantilist debate in its historical context, with close attention to the intellectual roots of mercantilist thought.

Cooper, Richard N., "Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies," World Politics 24 (January 1972): 159-181.
Analyzes growing economic interdependence among advanced non-Communist countries, the challenges posed for domestic policies and balance-of-payments adjustments, and possible national responses. The author concludes that increased economic sensitivity will have important implications for contacts between governments and for foreign policy, but little impact on national security policy.

Doti, Hames, "The Response of Economic Literature to Wars," Economic Inquiry 16 (October 1978): 616-626.
Assuming that the incidence of war will generate a demand for literature about wars, the author assesses whether the supply of economic literature actually responds to such demands. Those who expect ironic conclusions will not find them in this study, which concludes that economists do indeed respond to the laws of supply and demand.

*Gilbert, Felix, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961).
An interpretation of the European origins of the various contending strands of thought, as espoused by their American standard-bearers, which were woven together in Washington's Farewell Address. The Address is seen as a symbolic statement of early American foreign policy, embodying a tension between realism and idealism. Of particular interest is the problem of reconciling the goal of maintaining free commercial ports with that of maintaining isolation from European alliances and balance of power politics.

*Gilpin, Robert, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).
This book seeks to explain the interaction between the market and the state k the international system. Using three major perspectives on political economy--liberalism, Marxism, and realism--the author analyzes monetary relations, trade, multkational corporations, dependency, and finance. The author concludes by recommending a pluralist leadership of the international political economy and a form of "benign" mercantilism.

Graebner, Norman A., ed., The National Security: Its Theory and Practice, 1945-1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
A collection of essays presented at a 1982 symposium which examined national security policy and process during 1945-60. Includes a chapter by Lloyd C. Gardner on "Economic Foreign Policy and the Quest for Security," which is a historical account of economic means of countering "communist subversion" employed by the U.S. between 1947 and 1957. Also includes "The Presidency and the National Security Organization" by I. M, Destler.

Hager, Wolfgang, Europe's Economic Security: Non-energy Issues in the International Political Economy, The Atlantic Papers (Paris: The Atlantic Institute for International Affairs, 1976).
Reviews the issue of economic security from the perspective of trade relations and analyzes Western Europe's dependence on foreign markets and sources of raw materials. Economic security is defined as a function of external economic threats and the strength of the sociopolitical system being challenged.

Hitch, Charles J., "Economics and Military Operations Research," Review of Economics and Statistics 40 (August 1958): 199-208.
Hitch explores some of the relations between operations research in military decisions and economic analysis, comparing the similarities and differences in the way choices among alternatives and resources are made in both approaches. Although an overall advocate of using operations research in defense, Hitch clearly points out the problems, particularly the question of choosing the criteria by which a problem will be analyzed, inherent within operations research.

Hitch, Charles J., "National Security as a Field for Economics Research," World Politics 12 (April 1960): 434-452.
Proposes an agenda for research in the economics of national security. Hitch argues that economic mobilization is not so important in the presence of nuclear weapons.

*Hitch, Charles J., and Roland N. McKean, The Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960). With contributions by Stephen Enke, Alain Enthoven, Malcom W. Hoag, C.B. McGuire and Albert Wohlstetter.
A landmark study, this book represents a major change in thinking about the economics of defense. The argument is made that the importance of "economic war potential" has been reduced by the advent of nuclear weapons.

Hoag, Malcolm W., "Some Complexities in Military Planning," World Politics 11 (July 1959): 553-576.
The author uses a sophisticated analysis to illustrate the tendency of scholars to oversimplify economic theory in their analyses of military issues. Maintains that an understanding of economic fundamentals, correctly applied, can be an excellent guide to the complexities of defense policy.

Holm, Hans-Henrik, Interdependence, Security and Welfare (Aarhus, Denmark: University of Aarhus, 1978).
Holm tests the assertion that the postwar era has seen a change in the relative importance of security and welfare issues, finding the evidence mixed. The results are discussed in terms of the debate over the significance of interdependence in the international system.

Holsti, Kal J., "Politics in Command: Foreign Trade as National Secu...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors and Contributors
• Preface
• PART ONE Theory, Method, and Concepts of National Security Analysis
• PART TWO National Security and the Economy
• PART THREE National Security Policy and Policymaking
• PART FOUR Economic Statecraft
• PART FIVE 1945 and Earlier Studies
• Index