Feedback to Feed Forward

31 Strategies to Lead Learning

Amy Tepper, Patrick Flynn

• Publisher: Corwin
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781544320229
• eBook ISBN: 9781544320205
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Education
• Subtopic: Leadership in Education

Feedback that works—for leadership that makes a difference. 

As a leader, you know that feedback is essential to teachers' growth and development. But crafting the right feedback can be daunting. How do you conduct comprehensive observations, accurately analyze lessons for effectiveness, and develop high-leverage action steps that bring lasting change to teacher practices and student outcomes? 

This how-to book, designed for leaders in all roles and at all experience levels, provides a dynamic yet practical leadership model focused on precisely those key tasks. Features include

• Comprehensive explanations of standards and descriptions of discrete core skills
• Explicit think-alouds, ready-to-use strategies, and field-tested lesson examples
• Evidence-collection notes—with templates—from live observations
• Feedback samples across grade levels and content areas
• Replicable case studies for professional learning 

Simply inspecting teaching practice through observation might be easy; providing feedback that feeds forward and promotes growth is far more challenging. With this comprehensive learning tool, you'll use feedback to make the most of your role as a leader of learning—for both teachers and students.

Feedback to Feed Forward has been recognized for focusing on practices that have high effect sizes and will help you translate the groundbreaking Visible Learning research into practice. When educators use strategies that have high effects (greater than 0.40), they can accelerate student achievement. The power of the Visible Learning research lies in helping educators understand which factors have the highest impact on student achievement so that educators can begin making strategic decisions based on evidence that will utilize their time, energy, and resources to the best extent possible. The Visible Learning research is based on Professor John Hattie's unmatched meta-analysis of more than 1,600 research reviews comprising 95,000 studies, involving more than 300 million students—the world's largest evidence base on what works best in schools to improve student learning. From that research, Dr. Hattie identified more than 250 factors that have an impact on student achievement.  

1 What does it mean to lead learning?

Before you are a leader, success is all about growing yourself. When you become a leader, success is all about growing others. —Jack Welch, former GE chairman and CEO

Leading growth for all those who work in school environments is an immensely challenging job as it calls for us to become teachers of teachers, leading learning for adults and students alike. Major changes in education over the past five years have sparked a resurgence of 30-year-old conversations highlighting the positive impact of school leaders on the effectiveness of teacher practice and subsequent student outcomes (Flath, 1989; Schmidt-Davis & Bottoms, 2011). Research by the Wallace Foundation (2013) reiterates an “empirical link between school leadership and improved student achievement” (p. 3) and “is second only to classroom instruction among all school-related factors that contribute to what students learn at school” (Leithwood, Seashore Louis, Anderson, & Wahlstrom, 2004, p. 5). Principals and school administrators are experiencing increased levels of responsibility for leading teachers in their work in providing a high-quality education for all students.

Among their chief tasks, leaders are responsible for supporting teachers in setting clear goals for instruction and ensuring the allocation of resources to do so, as well as managing and leading the development of curriculum, monitoring unit and lesson plans, and conducting evaluations as essential requirements of the job. At no other time in the history of education have such specific policies focused on instructional outcomes that clearly define the need for improved instructional leadership practices in our schools. What we do know is that this type of work requires not only specific training but also ongoing support. The administrators with whom we work are building the structures and managing their time not only to support teachers through professional learning but also in finding ways to lead the learning in classrooms.

The role of the school administrator in most current systems can be broken down into three core categories:

• School Manager: handling all aspects related to the building, buses, and budget
• Stakeholder Supporter: creating a positive climate for parent, student, and staff interaction and encouraging voice
• Instructional Leader: leading the teaching and learning

Often, administrators are engaged in the first two roles driven by task and driven by policy for the third. While the first two roles are significant and necessary to the well-being of a school culture, the role of “instructional leader” requires engagement in activities that directly impact student outcomes (Flath, 1989), such as observing classroom instruction, reviewing performance goals and progress, communicating with teachers, implementing professional learning, attending team meetings, and providing impactful feedback. Whether it is due to environment, systems designs, or challenging time issues, sometimes these activities fall by the wayside, though we know they are essential to increasing levels of teaching and learning in our classrooms. Realities of a day in the front office and demands beyond all three of the necessary roles outlined continue to pull administrators away from a focus on classroom excellence. “The life of most school leaders is interrupt driven” (National SAM Innovation Project [NSIP], 2018).

It is our belief that leading learning should become the primary focus of a principal’s job, time, and effort, as this role provides the opportunity for principals to speak directly to an instructional vision for students and the instructional strategies we know are effective for meeting that vision (DuFour, 2002; DuFour & Marzano, 2011; MET Project, 2015; Wallace Foundation, 2013). This need for instructional leadership in our schools is not simply an American educational concern but a universal one. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reports that reviewing international systems of educator evaluation has validated that clearly there is

a need to reinforce the pedagogical leadership skills of school directors as their role in many countries still retains a more traditional focus on administrative tasks. The objective is that school leaders operate effective feedback, coaching and appraisal arrangements for their staff and effectively lead whole-school evaluation processes (OECD, 2013).

Finding Time to Lead Learning

Studies show the typical percentage of time a building leader at the elementary level spends on tasks that seemingly are related to teaching and learning, such as observation and feedback requirements, can be up to 28 percent and sometimes higher at the secondary level due to additional administrators (Costa, 2014; Horng, Klasik, & Loeb, 2009; Lavigne, Shakman, Zweig, & Greller, 2016).

A closer examination of these studies, however, reveals that a majority of this time is being spent on activities that do not directly impact student learning. Some of the findings include the following:

• A study from Stanford showed that on average, principals spent only about 8 percent of the school day in classrooms. Only about half that time was dedicated to “day-to-day instruction tasks,” such as observing or coaching teachers (Horng et al., 2009).
• The “largest non-value added category in the studies we reviewed was the category of logistics [such as scheduling/calendar]. Of 535 samples of the 4,844, or 11 percent of all samples in one study, [data] revealed that time was focused on the daily operations and management of the school community, again, having little direct impact on teaching and learning” (Costa, 2014).
• An international study of 13 countries, including the United States, showed that while principals “devote a lot of time to developing and promoting their schools’ educational goals and monitoring teachers’ implementation of those goals in teaching . . . less time is given to giving advice to teachers about questions or problems with teaching” (Loveless, 2016)—the known strategy that impacts practices.

Though “Instructional Leader” is one of the three primary functions of a building administrator, making the 28 percent seem logical, to truly lead learning these observation and feedback efforts should encompass more than one third of a leader’s time. This is not to suggest that the activities beyond the classroom are not important or necessary. Nor is it suggested here that the burden of addressing issues of time rests solely on the shoulders of an individual leader, as principals of regular public schools reported spending an average of 59 hours per week on the job.

While 28 percent of the leader’s time is committed to what we might call instructional leadership activities, what will it take for that to increase, allowing leaders to commit to more while ensuring that this time is quality time? One may argue that dramatic changes to the system must be made for this to be possible. In almost all studies reviewed, researchers and authors suggested that “district and state leaders may consider how school principals could benefit from additional supports, such as adding an assistant principal to the administrative team or providing leadership coaching” (Lavigne et al., 2016, p. 8).

However, we know the reality for most is not as simple or feasible as adding another person. Many of the administrators with whom we work want to—and are finding the time to—engage more frequently in those activities that serve to lead learning. It is possible! The Wallace Foundation recognized this and invested in a time-management analysis and restructuring process that recaptures an average of 27 days in the first year of implementation for a leader (NSIP, 2018).

How do administrators find the time?

First, they carefully consider the following:

• How they opt to use their time. (When is it in their control? How are they choosing to use their time?)
• How they create efficiencies for themselves. (Are they using organized time-management systems, processes, and protocols?)
• How they use strategies to ensure instruction is occurring at its highest levels in classrooms. (What are they doing to engage in effective observation and feedback practices?)

They also know this is not a quick fix. We polled the many instructional leaders we know who are successfully leading the learning in their buildings and found several common effective practices. How can you:

1. Make visiting classrooms a priority, even if it is just for 10 minutes at a time and only includes a few teachers during a given week.
2. Communicate a message to everyone on your staff, your parents, and your students that supporting instruction is your number one priority. This allows you to help them see why you will be out of your office or “unavailable.”
3. Examine your use of time, conducting your own time study to determine what tasks and responsibilities are keeping you from observing teaching and learning. Discern what is or is not in your control and be realistic.
4. Work with what is in your control first, as a high frequency of emergency parent meetings and out-of-building training will require longer range solutions. In your building, investigate the response protocols for events such as discipline issues, unannounced parent visits, and incoming emails. Also, determine what can be accomplished when students are not in the building.
5. Work with your assistant and clerical staff. These individuals hold a critical role in ensuring your success. Parents, teachers, and students must learn to schedule appointments and not expect immediate attention or answers. Your assistant can guard against the “I just need to see her for a minute . . .” “But it’s urgent . . .” situations.
6. Consider what your assistant is telling parents when you are not in your office; is it, “I’m sorry; she’s not at her desk again” or “Today she is out visiting classrooms”? Think about how your assistant is helping you categorize and filter high-priority emails, issues, and calls, handling smaller issues.
7. Find time to attend professional learning communities (PLCs) and department, grade-level, or data team meetings to talk about teaching and learning occurring in the building.
8. Show your team your commitment to lead learning by ensuring you meet with every teacher you observe, even if it is only for a short time. This will require high-quality observation and feedback skills even without the benefit of pre-observation meetings and 30 to 40 minutes of evidence collection.

From the field . . .

Christine Baldelli, principal, and Cheryl Milo, assistant principal at New Fairfield Middle School, raised expectations at their school for both themselves as leaders and for their teachers. They go beyond evaluation policies associated with observation and feedback and work to consistently observe in classrooms each month. They manage their time around a dedication to the teaching and learning in their building, balancing their administrative responsibilities and following a schedule.

The secret to their success lies in five key areas.

1. Priorities: We preblock times one month ahead for certain days and certain periods for classroom walk-throughs (paying attention to periods 1, 2, and 3), so you get out at different times for 5 to 10 minutes. We are challenging ourselves this year based on last year. We use a walk-through form for tracking and set goals based on it, so we visited 100% of classrooms by October 1. It is important to have a schedule and commit to it.
2. Management of schedule: If “Instructional Time” is on our calendars, anyone who has access knows not to touch it. And unless there is a fire, you stick to it. Parents know phone calls and emails are answered before school or after 3:30 p.m.
3. Management of roles: As principal and assistant principal, there is no separation. We each just handle what’s going on if one is out in classrooms. We come together as a team. We don’t say, “My assistant does all of the PPTs,” or “The principal handles all parent calls.” We split things down the middle as best we can.
4. Finding time to talk about teaching and learning: Teachers will come down and ask us for feedback. We may also bump into a teacher in the hallway to start a dialogue. During data rounds/meetings, we can mention certain students and specific strategies we observed. As we are writing reports, we also share our feedback to receive each other’s input.
5. Determining teacher needs: Because we are out in classrooms, we know what our teachers need (such as in designing professional development for them). As a result, we can drive the direction of the training and allow for differentiation. The more we know about what’s going on in the classroom, the better we can address what they need. You also have to know your curriculum. If you don’t know what they are teaching and why, you don’t know what’s supposed to be going on. We also attend trainings with our teachers. Christine attended the NGSS training with them, “so I know the expectations when I am observing and meeting with them. They [teachers] know I am more vested. If you see it in the classroom, you can make connections from training.”

Stop and Think: What keeps you from...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Acknowledgements
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• 1 What does it mean to lead learning?
• 2 How can you use an instructional framework to improve observation and feedback practices?
• 3 How can you collect evidence in the classroom to improve feedback?
• 4 How can you determine effectiveness of instruction and a teacher’s impact on learners?
• 5 How can you determine a teacher’s areas of instructional strength and growth?
• 6 How can your feedback feed forward?
• 7 What professional learning builds your capacity to lead learning?
• Strategies List
• Tables and Figures List
• References
• Index
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