MicroCMOS Design

Bang-Sup Song

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781439818954
• eBook ISBN: 9781351833899
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

MicroCMOS Design covers key analog design methodologies with an emphasis on analog systems that can be integrated into systems-on-chip (SoCs). Starting at the transistor level, this book introduces basic concepts in the design of system-level complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). It uses practical examples to illustrate circuit construction so that readers can develop an intuitive understanding rather than just assimilate the usual conventional analytical knowledge.

As SoCs become increasingly complex, analog/radio frequency (RF) system designers have to master both system- and transistor-level design aspects. They must understand abstract concepts associated with large components, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and phase-locked loops (PLLs). To help readers along, this book discusses topics including:

• Amplifier basics & design
• Operational amplifier (Opamp)
• Data converter basics
• Nyquist-rate data converters
• Oversampling data converters
• High-resolution data converters
• PLL basics
• Frequency synthesis and clock recovery

Focused more on design than analysis, this reference avoids lengthy equations and instead helps readers acquire a more hands-on mastery of the subject based on the application of core design concepts. Offering the needed perspective on the various design techniques for data converter and PLL design, coverage starts with abstract concepts—including discussion of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and MOS transistors—and builds up to an examination of the larger systems derived from microCMOS design.

1
Amplifier Basics

Amplifiers operate mostly in a linear mode, and their performance is improved by applying feedback. Basic circuit concepts such as complex transfer function, poles, frequency and transient responses, trade-off of gain for bandwidth and linearity, feed-forward zero, and stability criteria of feedback systems are essential to understand, design, and operate amplifier circuits properly.

1.1 Driving-Point and Transfer Functions

Consider any electrical networks with one or two ports as shown in Figure 1.1. We can define the voltage on each port and the current flowing into each terminal. Here, the voltage and current are small signal and frequency dependent.

In the one-port case shown on the left side, the following two ratios of the voltage and current can be defined as

Z(s)=vi(s)ii(s),andY(s)=ii(s)vi(s).⁢(1.1)

The former is the driving-point impedance, and the latter is the driving-point admittance. Their units are Ω and 1/Ω, respectively. At low frequencies, they are commonly called driving-point resistance and conductance, respectively. That is, if the input and output are referred to the same port, the term driving point is used. Similarly, in the two-port case as shown on the right side, the four ratios can be defined as follows:

Av(s)=vo(s)vi(s),Ai(s)=io(s)ii(s),Z(s)=vo(s)ii(s), and Y(s)=io(s)vi(s),⁢(1.2)

where A_v(s) and A_i(s) are the unit-less transfer functions called the voltage and current gains, respectively. The latter two definitions are the same as in Equation (1.1) for the one-port network, but they are now called transimpedance and transadmittance as the input and output ports are referred to two ports. The prefix trans relates voltages and currents in two different terminals. Of course, at low frequencies, they are more commonly called transresistance and transconductance, respectively.

Figure 1.1 Driving-point and transfer concepts.

1.2 Frequency Response

In the small-signal steady state, impedances of reactive components such as inductor and capacitor are frequency dependent as sL and 1...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half title
• Title Page
• Copy Page
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• The Author
• 1. Amplifier Basics
• 2. Amplifier Design
• 3. Operational Amplifier (Opamp)
• 4. Data Converter Basics
• 5. Nyquist-Rate Data Converters
• 6. Oversampling Data Converters
• 7. High-Resolution Data Converters
• 8. Phase-Locked Loop Basics
• 9. Frequency Synthesis and Clock Recovery
• Index