Communication campaigns are increasingly fought not on what is said but on what is not said.
If this is true, then the role of public relations as the most indirect, including most strategic and silent of all communications will become even more critical. But then we have to learn how to deal with the implications of that trend.
Let us stop by two examples. The first is from the media industry. Content creation, which includes content marketing, native advertising and marketing journalism, is a new intermediary that has emerged between business, media and the public relations people (Hallahan, 2014). It is a response to the increasing inefficiency of advertising interruptions, paid by business. New content marketing must look like editorial content, paid by the audience.
Utilising forms of editorial policy for promotional content is strategic. That move from hard sell to soft sell is basically a move from direct to indirect communication. It is ‘stealth marketing’ (Goodman, 2006), advertising which ‘does not speak its name’ (Bednarski, 2014). The more indirect and strategic marketing becomes – utilising storytelling for pitching – the more invisible and silent, but also more irresistible and efficient, its message becomes (see Chapter 12).
This poses a double challenge to public relations. Marketing and advertising encroach on what it used to do best (publicity, telling rather that selling). And they also pull it out of its comfort and push it to compete with them in direct production and retail of content (where PR has never performed best). It is important that in their response, public relations people do not trade off their strengths for their weaknesses.
The other example is from politics. In France, the leader of the far-right National Front, Marine Le Pen, has rebranded the National Front. She has been at pains not to be seen as the political heir of her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen. Strategic silences, politics of unsaying have helped her to secure continuation of the ideology without the continuation of its ideologue. The logo of the National Front and even her family name are conspicuously absent from the documents of the party. A main field of reframing her image has been anti-Semitism. Her father was notorious with his direct assaults on Jews. He once referred to the Nazi gas chambers as a ‘detail of history’ in a country that deported about 76,000 Jews during the Second World War. Marine Le Pen, in contrast, publically condemned anti-Semitism. When a party official recently denied Holocaust on camera, she instantly sacked him (Willsher, 2017).
Yet anti-Semitism is still constitutive for the National Front – as it is for any nationalist right-wing movement. But it has become more indirect. Its strategy has shifted from the said to the unsaid. In her 2017 Presidential campaign, Marine Le Pen used the silent strategy of dog-whistle anti-Semitism. She used, for example, hints and insinuations she did not have to explicitly define. She frequently evoked, for example, a Franco-Israeli telecommunications magnate, alluding to international financial conspiracies (of you know who). She also kept reminding the voters that her principle opponent, Emmanuel Macron, was a former investor banker at Rothschild, founded by the famous Jewish family. The new strategy was to attack not what Macron used to do but where he used to do it1 (McAuley, 2017). The more mainstream the National Front has grown, the more indirect – silent that is – its communication strategies have become. More frequently it frames its messages not as outright denials but as implicit assertions.
I have conducted over 20 semi-standardised interviews with professional communicators about their use of strategic silence. I discuss most of the findings from those interviews in Parts V and VI. A striking outcome has been the importance of silence as communicative capacity – as both strategy and skillset. The career pathway of a PR practitioner starts from the entry level of learning how to talk. It only completes, gets crowned (if at all) at the advanced level of knowing how to shut up. It takes lots of professional experience and practical wisdom to evolve one’s communication skills from ‘making your voice heard’ to ‘noise curation’ and ‘not giving a story a leg’. Only few communicators reach that highest level of professionalism.
This is not only a problem of biography, of personal learning as climbing the ladder of indirect communication up to the mastery of silence. It is a historical, generational problem too. The professional cohorts have changed. The interviewees shared that 20 years ago their main concern was to teach their clients how to talk. And most of those clients proved to be quick learners. Today, the problem is rather the opposite one. Communicators are now trying to educate their clients about when to stop and how not to talk.
In the PR industry the ability to do nothing and credibility to say ‘No’ to bosses and clients has become the most valuable – and highest renumerated – professional asset.
Strategy is proactive, not reactive. Strategy ponders many steps in advance, not only the next move. Strategy influences the questions, not the answers in the public consciousness. Influencing the answers is a noisy battle. Influencing the questions is fought in silence.