Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Rights
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Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Rights

Laura Beth Nielsen, Laura Beth Nielsen

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eBook - ePub

Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Rights

Laura Beth Nielsen, Laura Beth Nielsen

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About This Book

This important volume examines rights from an inter-disciplinary law and society perspective, beginning with the premise that the most basic functions of rights requires the empirical study of rights consciousness and claiming behavior. As such the volume includes articles and essays by political scientists, historians, lawyers, and sociologists which place the study of ordinary citizens' understandings of rights, and what actions they take based on that knowledge, at the forefront of an empirical research agenda. This has important implications for law's capacity to achieve social change and can lead to better understanding of how rights can and should operate in a social and legal system. The volume is organized around the social movements and political processes which give rise to rights, the processes by which people come to understand they enjoy a right, the decision to invoke the right either formally or informally, and the organizational and institutional constraints and opportunities for exercising rights.

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Information

Publisher
Routledge
Year
2017
ISBN
9781351879798
Edition
1
Topic
Law
Index
Law

Part I
Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on Theories of Rights

[1]

A
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

A
DÉCLARATION UNIVERSELLE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME

PRÉAMBULE

Considérant que la reconnaissance de la dignité inhérente à tons les membres de la famille humaine et de leurs droits égaux et inaliénables constitue le fondement de la fiberté de la justice et de la paix dans le monde,
ConsidĂ©rant que la mĂ©connaissance et le mĂ©pris des droits de l’homme ont conduit Ă  des actes de barbarie qui rĂ©voltent la conscience de l’humanitĂ© et qua l’avĂšnernent d’un monde oĂč les ĂȘtres humains seront libres de parler et de croire, libĂ©rĂ©s de la terreur et de la misĂšre, a Ă©tĂ© proclamĂ© comme la plus haute aspiration de l’hornme,
ConsidĂ©rant qu’il est essentiel que les droits de l’homme soient protĂ©gĂ©s par un rĂ©gime de droit pour que l’homme ne soit pas contraint, en suprĂȘme recours, Ă  la rĂ©volte contre la tyrannie et l’oppression,
ConsidĂ©rant qu’il est essentiel d’encourager le dĂ©veloppement de relations amicales entre nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, therefore,

The General Assembly

Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

ARTICLE 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

ARTICLE 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person.
ConsidĂ©rant que dans la Charte les peuples des Nations Unies out proclamĂ© Ă  nouveau leur foi dans les droits fondamentaux de l’homme, dans la dignitĂ© et la valeur de la personne humaine, dans l’égalitĂ© des droits des hommes et des femmes, et qu’ils se sont dĂ©clarĂ©s rĂ©solus Ă  favoriser le progrĂšs social et Ă  instaurer de meilleures conditions de vie dans une libertĂ© plus grande,
ConsidĂ©rant que les États Membres se sent engagĂ©s Ă  assurer, en coopĂ©ration avec l’Organisation des Nations Unies, le respect universel et effectif des droits de l’homme et des libertĂ©s fondamentales,
ConsidĂ©rant qu’une conception commune de ces droits et libertĂ©s eat de la plus haute importance pour remplir pleinement ret engagement,

L’AssemblĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale

Proclame la prĂ©sente DĂ©claration universelle des droits de l’homme comme l’udĂ©al commun Ă  atteindre par tous les peuples et toutes les nations afin que tous les individus et tous les organes de la sociĂ©tĂ©, ayant cette DĂ©claration constamment Ă  l’esprit, s’efforcent, par l’enseignement et l’éducation, de dĂ©velopper le respect de ces droits et libertĂ©s et d’en assurer, par des mesures progressives d’ordre national et international, la reconnaissance et l’application universelles et effectives, tant parmi les populations des États Membres eux-mĂȘmes que parmi celles des territoires placĂ©s sous leur juridiction.

ARTICLE PERRIER

Tons les ĂȘtres humains naissent libres et Ă©gaux en dignitĂ© et en droits. Ils sont douĂ©s de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les urs envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternitĂ©.

ARTICLE 2

Chacun peut se prĂ©valoir de tous les droits et de toutes les libertĂ©s proclamĂ©s dans la prĂ©sente DĂ©claration, sans distinction aucune, notamment de race, de couleur, de sexe, de langue, de religion, d’opinion politique ou de toute autre opinion, d’origine nationale ou sociale, de fortune, de naissance ou de toute autre situation.
De plus, it ne sera fait aucune distinction fondée sur le statut politique, juridique ou international du pays ou du territoire dont une personne est ressortissante, que ce pays ou territoire soit indépendent, sous tutelle, non autonome ou soumis à une limitation quelconque de souveraineté.

ARTICLE 3

Tout individu a droit à la vie, à la liberté et à la sûretû de sa personne.

ARTICLE 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

ARTICLE 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

ARTICLE 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

ARTICLE 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

ARTICLE 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

ARTICLE 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

ARTICLE 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

ARTICLE 11

1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
2. No one shalt be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

ARTICLE 12

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

ARTICLE 4

Nul ne sera tenu en esclavage ni en servitude; l’esclavage et la traite des esclaves sont interdits sous toutes leurs formes.

ARTICLE 5

Nul ne sera soumis à la torture, ni à des peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants.

ARTICLE 6

Chacun a le droit à la reconnaissance en tons liens de sa personnalité juridique.

ARTICLE 7

Tous sont égaux devant la loi et ont droit sans distinction à une égale protection de is loi. Tous ont droit à une protection égale contre toute discrimination qui violerait la présente Déclaration et contre toute provocation à une telle discrimination.

ARTICLE 8

Toute personne a droit à un recours effectif devant les juridictions nationales compétentes contre les actes violant les droits fondamentaux qui lui sont reconnus par la constitution ou par la loi.

ARTICLE 9

Nul ne peut ĂȘtre arbitrairement arrĂȘtĂ©, dĂ©tenu ni exilĂ©.

ARTICLE 10

Toute personne a droit, en pleine égalité, ce que sa cause soit entendue équitablement et publiquement par un tribunal indépendent et impartial, qui décidera. soil de ses droits et obligations, soit du bien fondé de toute accusation en matiÚre pénale dirigée contre elle.

ARTICLE 11

1. Toute personne accusĂ©e d’un acte tueux est prĂ©sumĂ©e innocente jusqu’à ce que sa culpabilitĂ© ait Ă©tĂ© lĂ©galement Ă©tablie au cours d’un procĂšs public oĂč toutes les garanties nĂ©cessaires Ă  sa dĂ©fense lui auront Ă©tĂ© assurĂ©es.
2. Nul ne sera condamnĂ© pour des actions ou omissions qui, au moment oĂč elles ont Ă©tĂ© commises, ne constituaient pas tin acte tueux d’aprĂšs le droit national ou international. De mĂȘme, il ne sera infligĂ© aucune peine plus forte que celle qui Ă©tait applicable au moment oĂč l’acte dĂ©lictueux a Ă©tĂ© commis.

ARTICLE 12

Nul ne sera l’objet d’immixtions arbitraires dans sa vie privĂ©e, sa famille, son domicile ou sa correspondance, ni d’atteintes Ă  son honneur et Ă  sa rĂ©putation. Toute personne a droit Ă  la protection de la loi contre de telles immixtions ou de telles atteintes.

ARTICLE 13

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movenent and residence within the borders of each State.
2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

ARTICLE 14

1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

ARTICLE 15

1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

ARTICLE 16

1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

ARTICLE 17

1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

ARTICLE 18

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

ARTICLE 19

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

ARTICLE 13

1. Toute personne a le droit de circuler librement et de choisir sa rĂ©sidence Ă  l’intĂ©rieur d’un État.
2. Toute personae a le droit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien, et de revenir dans son pays.

ARTICLE 14

1. Devant la persĂ©cution, toute personne a le droit de chercher asile et de bĂ©nĂ©ficier de l’asile en d’autres pays.
2. Ce droit ne peut ĂȘtre invoquĂ© dans le cas de poursuites rĂ©ellement fondĂ©es sur un crime de droit commun ou sur des agissements contraires aux buts et aux principes des Nations Unies.

ARTICLE 15

1. Tout individu a droit à une nationalité.
2. Nil ne peut ĂȘtre arbitrairement privĂ© de sa nationalitĂ©, ni du droit de changer de nationalitĂ©.

ARTICLE 16

1. A partir de l’ñge nubile, l’homme et la femme, sans aucune restriction quant Ă  is race, la nationalitĂ© ou la religion, ont le droit de se marier et de fonder une famille. Ils ont des droits Ă©gaux au regard du mariage, durant le mariage et lors de sa dissolution.
2. Le mariage ne peut ĂȘtre conclu qu’avec le libre et plein consentement des future Ă©poux.
3. La famille est l’elĂ©ment naturel et fondamental de la sociĂ©tĂ© et a droit Ă  la protection de la sociĂ©tĂ© et de l’Etat.

ARTICLE 17

1. Toute personne, aussi bien seule qu’en collectivitĂ©, a droit Ă  la propriĂ©tĂ©.
2. Nul ne pent ĂȘtre arbitrairement privĂ© de sa propriĂ©tĂ©.

ARTICLE 18

Toute personne a droit Ă  la libertĂ© de pensĂ©e, de conscience et de religion; ce droit implique la libertĂ© de changer de religion ou de conviction ainsi que la libertĂ© de manifester sa religion ou sa conviction, seule ou en commun, tant en public qu’en privĂ©, par l’enseignement, les pratiques, le culte et l’accomplissement des rites.

ARTICLE 19

Tout individu a droit Ă  is libertĂ© d’opinion et d’expression, ce qui implique le droit de ne pas ĂȘtre inquiĂ©tĂ© pour ses opinions et celui de chercher, de recevoir et de rĂ©pandre, sans considĂ©rations de frontiĂšres, les informations et les idĂ©es par quelque moyen d’expression que ce soit.

ARTICLE 20

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

ARTICLE 21

1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
2. Everyone has the right of equal access to publi...

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