Chemistry of Water Treatment

Samuel D. Faust, Osman M. Aly

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• eBook ISBN: 9781351461115
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Environmental Management
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This second edition demonstrates how chemistry influences the design of water treatment plants and how it should influence the design. Historically, water treatment plants have been designed from hydraulic considerations with little regard to chemical aspects. The many chemical reactions used for removal of pollutants from water simply cannot be forced to occur within current designs. This book re-examines this traditional approach in light of today's water quality and treatment. Will current water treatment processes be sufficient to meet future demands or will new processes have to be devised? Chemistry of Water Treatment assesses the chemical and physical efficacies of current processes to meet the demands of the Safe Drinking water Act, providing expert information to persons responsible for the production of potable water into the next century.

CHEMISTRY OF WATER TREATMENT

Second Edition

Chapter 1

Criteria and Standards for Drinking Water Quality

A. History of Drinking Water Standards

B. Evolution of Federal Standards

1. Early Standards

a. 1914

b. 1925

c. 1942

d. 1946

e. 1962

2. Safe Drinking Water Act

a. Definitions

b. Interim Primary Standards

c. Secondary Standards

3. Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986

a. General Comments

b. Drinking Water Priority List (DWPL)

c. MCLGs and MCLs

d. Regulatory Basis of MCLGs

1. Noncarcinogens

2. Carcinogens

e. Regulatory Basis of MCLs

f. Compliance Monitoring Requirements

g. USEPA Process for Establishing Standards

h. Federal (U.S.) Drinking Water Regulations

i. USEPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

j. Surface Water Treatment Regulations

1. Requirements to Avoid Filtration (SWTR)

2. Compliance Requirements for the SWTR

3. Information Collection Rule (ICR)

4. Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

k. Ground Water Disinfection Rule (GWDR)

1. Total Coliform Rule

1. Monitoring Requirements

2. Analytical Requirements

m. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) Rule—Phase I

n. Synthetic Organic (SOCs) and Inorganic (IOCs) Chemicals Rule—Phase II

o. Synthetic Organic and Inorganic Chemicals Rule—Phase V

p. Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products (D/DBP)—Phase Via

q. Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products—Phase VIb

r. Radionuclide Rule—Phase III

s. Lead and Copper Rule

t. Arsenic

u. USEPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations

C. International Drinking Water Quality Regulations

1. Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines

2. World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines

3. European Economic Community (EEC) Drinking Water Directives

D. Contaminant Removal Effectiveness

E. References

HISTORY OF DRINKING WATER STANDARDS

Man’s quest for pure water is neither a recent nor a modern development. A compilation of medical lore in Sanskrit (circa 2000 BC) reads: “Impure water should be purified by being boiled over a fire, or being heated in the sun, or by dipping a heated iron into it, or it may be purified by filtration through sand and coarse gravel and then allowed to cool.”¹ This statement included the essentials of modern water treatment; namely, disinfection and sand filtration. It also implies that water is a vector for transmission of impurities and diseases. Hippocrates, the father of medicine (460–377 BC), expressed concern about water quality when he said that “water contributed much to health,” and asserted that rainwater should be boiled and strained, for otherwise it would have a bad smell and cause hoarseness. Herodotus, an early Greek historian, reports that when warring, Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, took boiled water in silver flagons loaded on four-wheeled carts drawn by mules.¹ This too implies the ancients’ concern for water quality, and suggests that the silver flagons were used for their disinfective property.

History also records some early epidemics of waterborne diseases; then, the infamous 1854 cholera outbreak in London, England, and later, typhoid epidemics in the United States reported at Butler, Plymouth, New Haven, Nanticoke, and Reading, that involved 39,029 cases with 361 deaths.² By the early 1900s, it was fairly obvious that drinking water contained physical, chemical, and biological impurities that impaired its quality. “Modern” water treatment probably started with the filtration of municipal supplies in Scotland in 1804 and in England in 1829 for the Chelsea Water Company of London.³ By 1900, there were approximately 10 slow sand water filtration plants in the United States.¹ It was not until 1914 that any expression of water quality standards was noted, with the introduction of testing for Bacterium coli as an indicator organism.⁴ There was, however, previous concern about the levels of contaminants in drinking water with the 1899 publication⁵ of the precursor to the present version of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Quality criteria and standards initially were con...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Chapter 1. Criteria and Standards for Drinking Water Quality
• Chapter 2. Organic Compounds in Raw and Finished Waters
• Chapter 3. Tastes and Odors in Drinking Water
• Chapter 4. Removal of Organics and Inorganics by Activated Carbon
• Chapter 5. Aeration
• Chapter 6. Removal of Particulate Matter by Coagulation
• Chapter 7. Removal of Particulate Matter by Filtration and Sedimentation.
• Chapter 8. Removal of Hardness and Other Scale-Forming Substances.
• Chapter 9. Removal of Inorganic Contaminants
• Chapter 10. Removal of Corrosive Substances
• Chapter 11. Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoans
• Index