Ozone in Water Treatment

Application and Engineering

Bruno Langlais, David A. Reckhow, Deborah R. Brink, Bruno Langlais, David A. Reckhow, Deborah R. Brink

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2019
• eBook ISBN: 9781351426138
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Business
• Subtopic: Geology & Earth Sciences
• Index: Business

With the advent of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, many water utilities are reexamining their water treatment practices. Upcoming new regulations on disinfection and on disinfection by-products, in particular, are the primary driving forces for the big interest in ozone. It appears that ozone, with its strong disinfection capabilities, and apparently lower levels of disinfection by-products (compared to other disinfectants), may be the oxidant/disinfectant of choice. Many utilities currently using chlorine for oxidation may need to switch due to chlorine by-product concerns. Utilities using chloramines may need to use ozone to meet CT requirements.
This book, prepared by 35 international experts, includes current technology on the design, operation, and control of the ozone process within a drinking water plant. It combines almost 100 years of European ozone design and operating experience with North American design/operations experience and the North American regulatory and utility operational environment. Topics covered include ozone chemistry, toxicology, design consideration, engineering aspects, design of retrofit systems, and the operation and economics of ozone technology. The book contains a "how to" section on ozone treatability studies, which explains what information can be learned using treatability studies, at what scale (bench, pilot, or demonstration plant), and how this information can be used to design full-scale systems. It also includes valuable tips regarding important operating practices, as well as guidance on retrofits and the unique issues involved with retrofitting the ozone process.
With ozone being one of the hottest areas of interest in drinking water, this book will prove essential to all water utilities, design engineers, regulators, and plant managers and supervisors.

I

Introduction

Deborah R. Brink
Bruno Langlais
David A. Reckhow

I.A Purpose of Book

This book on ozone for the treatment of drinking water is intended for practicing engineers, water treatment plant managers and personnel, and others interested in ozonation. The purpose of this book is to provide guidance on the various applications of ozone and appropriate system design and operation. Ozone chemistry and physics are also covered to increase the reader’s understanding of ozone fundamentals, which should aid in design and operation. While many of the principles presented here can be applied to the treatment of other aqueous process streams (for example, municipal or industrial wastewater, industrial process waters, swimming pools), other references (for example, Rice and Browning 1981; Masschelein 1982; Blogoslawski and Rice 1975; Rice 1981) should be consulted for specifics on these other applications.

The book has been designed so that each chapter can stand alone, although related sections in other chapters are referenced when appropriate. Readers with a strong interest in chemistry may focus on chapters II (Fundamental Aspects) and III (Practical Applications), while readers whose interest lies in engineering design may find chapters III, IV (Engineering), V (Operations), and VI (Economics) of greatest benefit.

Chapter II is devoted to the review of aqueous ozone chemistry, toxicology, analytical methods, and the physics of ozone production and gas transfer. Questions such as how ozone decomposes in water and what types of pollutants are most likely to be attacked are addressed in sec. II.A. Section II.B discusses the toxicology of ozone. Section II.C covers analytical techniques that can be used to measure ozone concentrations. Then, in sec. II.D and II.E, fundamental principles of ozone generation and gas transfer are presented. The chapter assumes a basic knowledge of chemistry and physics.

Chapter III provides the all-important bridge between fundamental chemistry and physics (chapter II) and the specifics of design (chapter IV). Here 10 different ozone applications are discussed in detail: iron and manganese removal (sec. III.B), color removal (sec. III.C), taste and odor control (sec. III.D), destruction of synthetic organic chemicals (sec. III.E), particulate removal (sec. III.F), algae control (sec. III.G), disinfection (sec. III.H), control of disinfection by-products (sec. III.I), minimization of adverse health effects (sec. III.J), and improvement in biological stability in the distribution system (sec. III.K). In each case, the applicable chemistry of aqueous ozone is briefly reviewed to explain field and laboratory results. Where possible, actual case studies are presented. And finally, design considerations for each application are discussed to provide a link to the engineering chapters.

Chapter IV presents the basics of ozone system design. The first section (sec. IV.A) addresses questions of how treatability studies should be conducted and how the data can be used. Later sections focus on specific system components or engineering aspects, including feed gas preparation (sec. IV.B), ozone generation (sec. IV.C), contacting and diffusion (sec. IV.D), instrumentation (sec. IV.E), ozone destruction (sec. IV.F), corrosion considerations (sec. IV.G), system retrofits (sec. IV.H), performance evaluations (sec. IV.I), and other miscellaneous concerns (sec. IV.J). A checklist for ozone system design (sec. IV.K) is included to identify issues that must be addressed during different phases of a project. This material is intended to provide a framework upon which intelligent engineering design can be based.

Aspects of system operation are discussed in chapter V. Principles of operation are discussed in sec. V.A. Of particular concern are reliability (sec. V.B), maintenance (sec. V.C), training (sec. V.D), and safety (sec. V.E).

Chapter VI presents information on economics. Cost curves for order-of-mag-nitude cost estimates of both capital and operation and maintenance costs are presented along with worksheets that can be used to quickly obtain budget estimates (sec. VI.A). The remainder of the chapter expands upon the factors needed to create exact cost estimates (sec. VI.B) and focuses on the influence a designed ozonation system has on capital costs (sec. VI.C) and on operation and maintenance costs (sec. VI.D). Some case studies are presented at the end of this chapter (sec. VI.E).

Much of the material presented here relates to applications of ozone without the use of activating agents such as hydrogen peroxide or ultraviolet light. However, some consideration is also given to processes dominated by secondary radical oxidants, where such activating agents have been added (that is, advanced oxidation processes). This material is integrated into the various chapters and subsections of the book. For a more specialized treatment of such advanced oxidation processes, the reader should consult Doré (1989) and Peyton et al. (1990).

This book is a comprehensive compilation of the state-of-the-science of ozone technology, as applied to drinking water production. Equipment manufacturers or trade names are cited only for illustrative purposes. Such references do not in any way constitute an endorsement.

I.B Current Role of Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment

I.B.1 History of Ozone Use

The ability of ozone to disinfect polluted water was recognized in 1886 by de Meritens (Vosmaer 1916). A few years later, the German firm Siemens & Halske, manufacturers of electrical equipment, contacted local Prussian officials who were willing to test ozone’s application for the disinfection of drinking water. Accordingly, a pilot plant was constructed at Martinikenfelde, Germany. Froelich reported in 1891 that tests at this site showed ozone to be effective against bacteria (Vosmaer 1916).

In 1889, the French chemist Marius Paul Otto began studying ozone at La Sorbonne University in Paris. In 1897, he obtained a doctorate degree for his thesis on ozone, the first of its kind. He also created the first specialized company for the manufacture and installation of ozonation equipment in 1897. This company, the Compagnie Provençale de l’Ozone, was renamed in 1919 the Compagnie Générale de l’Ozone, and in 1929 renamed the Compagnie des Eaux et de l’Ozone, thereby associating ozone application with drinking water treatment.

The first full-scale application of ozone in drinking water treatment was in 1893 at Oudshoorn (Netherlands). Later, plants were constructed in Paris, France (1898), Wiesbaden, Germany (1901), Paderborn, Germany (1902), Niagara Falls, N.Y. (1903), Saint-Petersbourg (Leningrad), USSR (1905), Nice, France (1906), Chartres, France (1908), Paris/St. Maur, France (1909), and Madrid, Spain (1910). The number of ozone installations grew rapidly prior to 1914. Vosmaer (1916) counted at least 49 European plants using Siemens, de Frise, Marmier, Abraham, and Otto ozone generators by 1915. However, the first four types of generators would soon disappear.

This growth in ozone usage soon slowed in the early part of the century when research on poisonous gases conducted during World War I led to the development of inexpensive chlorine. In much of the world, this stimulated the use of chlorine as a disinfectant and severely constrained the spread of ozone. Nevertheless, the construction of new ozone plants continued at a slow pace, especially in France. There was also some construction of ozone plants elsewhere, such as in the Belgian Congo where 11 plants were built before 1939 (Pascal 1986). By 1936, there were close to 100 ozone plants in France and 30–40 in other parts of the world (Evans 1972). However, it was not until after World War II that the rate of construction of ozone facilities fully returned to its earlier level.

Applications of ozone. All of these first-generation plants, the majority of which were located in France, used ozone as a disinfectant. In addition, it was realized quite early that improvements in taste and odor accompanied the disinfection of water by ozone (Vosmaer 1916). Thus, most ozone applications (since ozone’s first use around the turn of the century until the 1950s) were for both disinfection and taste and odor control. However, application of ozone for purposes other than disinfection and taste and odor control were emerging even during the pre-Wo rid War I era. Vosmaer (1916) reported observations by treatment engineers of color removal and iron and manganese oxidation following ozonation. In Britain, a few ozone plants had been installed prior to 1960 to treat high-quality groundwater in areas where it was considered inappropriate to “contaminate” such supplies by using marginal chlorination (Lowndes 1985).

The 1960s saw widespread introduction of several new applications for ozone. Many of these new applications required that ozone be added during the early stages of treatment, hence the term preozonation. Until this time, ozonation was, in most cases, the last stage of treatment. In France and Germany during the early 1960s, ozone was used specifically to oxidize iron and manganese. While the ability of ozone to oxidize these metals was long recognized (Vosmaer 1916), widespread full-scale application came much later. Some of the first applications for this purpose were at Dusseldorf, Germany (1957 and 1980), Sitterdor, Switzerland (1963), Montjean, France (1967), and Rouen-la-Chapelle, France (1974). At about this same time, several Scottish and Irish plants that employed ozone for color removal were designed and constructed (O’Donovan 1965; Greaves and Lowndes 1987). Water from the Scottish and Irish highlands is characteristically high in color and of low turbidity. Plants in Baerum, Norway (1961), Loch Turret, Scotland (1967), Sligo, Ireland (1970), Loch Lomond, Scotland (1971), and Manchester, England (1970) represent early examples of this application.

During the mid-1960s, the coagulating e...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter I.Introduction
• Chapter II. Fundamental Aspects
• Chapter III. Practical Application of Ozone: Principles and Case Studies
• Chapter IV. Engineering Aspects
• Chapter V. Operating an Ozonation Facility
• Chapter VI. Economics of Ozone Systems: New Installations and Retrofits
• Appendix A. Ozone System Terminology, Measurements, and Conversions
• Index