Leadership, Legitimacy, and Conflict in China

From a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession

Frederick C Teiwes

• Publisher: Taylor & Francis
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781315496030
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Education
• Subtopic: Education Administration

This title was first published in 1984: This text provides a source of citations to North American scholarships relating specifically to the area of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It indexes fields of scholarship such as the humanities, arts, technology and life sciences and all kinds of scholarship such as PhDs.

Notes

Notes to Introduction

1. See Kenneth Lieberthal, A Research Guide to Central Party and Government Meetings in China 1949-1975 (White Plains, N.Y,: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976), pp. 3, 36.

2. This was a particularly pronounced feature at the 1956 Party Congress. See, e.g., Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution 1: Contradictions among the People 1956-1957 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), p. 124.

3. Most notably Mao Zedong sixiang wan sui [Long Live Mao Zedong's Thought] (2 vols., Taibei: 1967, 1969).

4. See the discussion of possible Politburo divisions over the 1957 Hundred Flowers movement in Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms 1950-1965 (White Plains, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1979), pp. 247-57.

5. See Michel Oksenberg, "Sources and Methodological Problems in the Study of Contemporary China," in A. Doak Barnett, ed., Chinese Communist Politics in Action (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969), pp. 580-81.

6. See Michael Y. M. Kau, ed., The Lin Piao Affair: Power Politics and Military Coup (White Plains, N.Y.: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1975), pp. xxv-xxix, xliv-xlv and documents 5-12, 14-22.

7. Most notably the monthly Zhengming [Contention] which has supported the "reformist" policies generally associated with Deng Xiaoping.

8. It appeared in two parts in the Hong Kong journal of the United States Information Service (USIS), Current Scene, January and February 1974. Starting in 1973 a change in regulations governing USIS prevented the distribution of Current Scene within the United States.

9. See the discussion of changing fashions in the analysis of Chinese politics in Lucian W. Pye, The Dynamics of Factions and Consensus in Chinese Politics: A Model and Some Propositions (Santa Monica: RAND Report R-2566-AF, July 1980), pp. 41-45.

10. See particularly W. F. Dorrill's early analysis, Power, Policy, and Ideology in the Making of China's "Cultural Revolution" (Santa Monica: RAND Memorandum RM-5731-PR, August 1968), which refutes many of the "two line" assertions of PRC sources; and the Mao-centered argument of Michel C. Oksenberg, "Policy Making Under Mao, 1949-68: An Overview," in John M. H. Lindbeck, China: Management of a Revolutionary Society (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971).

11. See Richard M. Pfeffer's review of Richard H, Solomon's Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture, "Revolting: An Essay on 'Mao's Revolution,' by Richard Solomon," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, December 1973. After attacking the "[anti-China] ideological zeal" of Solomon's psycho-cultural analysis, Pfeffer goes on to praise his "two line" mode of explaining the elite politics of the 1955-1964 decade (see pp. 48, 52-54).

12. See Ellis Joffe, Between Two Plenums: China's Intraleadership Conflict, 1959-1962 (Ann Arbor: Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies No. 22, 1975), pp. 1-3.

13. See especially Lowell Dittmer, " 'Line Struggle' in Theory and Practice: The Origins of the Cultural Revolution Reconsidered," The China Quarterly (CQ), No. 72 (1977); and Andrew J. Nathan, "Policy Oscillations in the People's Republic of China: A Critique," CQ, No. 68 (1976).

14. See Pye, The Dynamics of Factions; David M. Lampton, The Politics of Medicine in China: The Policy Process, 1949-1977 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1977); and Benedict Stavis, The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978), for examples of these approaches. Although similar perspectives were advanced in the late 1960s and early 1970s and even such sophisticated analyses as those of Lampton and Stavis contain elements of the "two line" interpretation, the overall influence of the "two line struggle" model on scholarly writings was far greater at the start of the 1970s than by the end of the decade.

15. See, e.g., Robert Taylor, China's Intellectual Dilemma: Politics and University Enrollment, 1949-1978 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981); and Louis T. Sigel, "On the 'Two Roads' and Following Our Own Path: The Myth of the 'Capitalist Road,"' The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 7 (1982).

16. "Outline of 'Project 571,'" in Kau, Lin Piao, p. 92.

17. See the analysis in Michel Oksenberg, "The Political Leader," in Dick Wilson, ed., Mao Tse-tung in the Scales of History (London: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 77-81, 91-95. In my view (see the third essay below), while Mao did consciously play off various colleagues against one another during his rise to power in the 1930s and from the mid-1960s on, "divide and rule" tactics were not a major facet of his leadership style from the time Mao consolidated his authority in the early 1940s until the immediate pre-Cultural Revolution period.

18. See his "The Changing Nature and Locus of Authority in Communist China," in Lindbeck, Management of a Revolutionary Society.

19. A variation on this perspective stimulated by the Cultural Revolution emphasizes the conflicting claims of the Party and leader to the mantle of legitimacy. See the relevant analyses in Stuart R. Schram, "The Party in Chinese Communist Ideology," in John Wilson Lewis, ed., Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970); Benjamin I. Schwartz, "The Reign of Virtue: Some Broad Perspectives on the Leader and Party in the Cultural Revolution," in ibid.; and Leonard Schapiro and John Wilson Lewis, "The Roles of the Monolithic Party under the Totalitarian Leader," in ibid.

20. See T. H. Rigby's essays, "A Conceptual Approach to Authority, Power and Policy in the Soviet Union," in T. H. Rigby, Archie Brown, and Peter Reddaway, eds., Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (London: Macmillan, 1980); and "Introduction: Political Legitimacy, Weber and Communist Monoorganisational Systems," in T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982).

21. "Getting Ahead and Along in Communist China: The Ladder of Success on the Eve of the Cultural Revolution," in Lewis, Party Leadership.

22. See Parris H. Chang, "Provincial Party Leaders' Strategies for Survival during the Cultural Revolution," in Robert A. Scalapino, ed., Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); and Richard Baum, "Elite Behavior under Conditions of Stress: The Lesson of the 'Tang-ch'üan P'ai' in the Cultural Revolution," in ibid.

23. See, e.g., Parris H. Chang, "Who Gets What, When and How in Chinese Politics—A Case Study of the Strategies of Conflict of the 'Gang of Four,'" The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 2 (1979).

Notes to Chapter I

1. "Comments on a Letter' (July 26, 1959), in Chinese Law and Government (CLG), Winter 1968-69, p. 51.

2. "Letter to Chiang Ch'ing" (July 8, 1966), in Issues & Studies (IS), January 1973, p. 96.

3. Editorial note to Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside (1956), in Stuart R. Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (revised and enlarged edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), p. 351.

4. See especially the account of Mao's struggle against the "three 'left' lines" in "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party" (April 20, 1945), Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (5Pf), Vol. Ill (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), pp. 177-225.

5. "Talk at the Conference on the Question of Intellectuals Called by the Center" (January 20, 1956), in Jerome Ch'en, ed., Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography (MP) (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 21.

6. Quotations from...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Abbreviations
• Introduction
• I. CHINESE POLITICS 1949-1965: A CHANGING MAO
• II. THE LEGITIMACY OF THE LEADER
• III. NORMATIVE AND PRUDENTIAL RULES UNDER AND AFTER MAO
• Notes
• Index
• About the Author