Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles

Current and Potential Applications

Alexander V. Vakhrushev, Vladimir I. Kodolov, A. K. Haghi, Suresh C. Ameta, Alexander V. Vakhrushev, Vladimir I. Kodolov, A. K. Haghi, Suresh C. Ameta

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• eBook ISBN: 9780429873935
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Science General
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This new volume looks at significant new research, methodologies, and applications in the fields of carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. It explores a variety of new developments in advanced carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles along with the tools to characterize and predict their properties and behavior. It introduces and reviews methods that are most frequently encountered in sophisticated nano-scaled materials domains, and helps to bridge the gap between classical analysis and modern real-life applications. A diverse array of topics in the field is addressed that provides many practical insights into nanocomposites and nanomaterials sciences.

CHAPTER 1

CARBON NANOTUBES AS VERSATILE CARRIERS IN DRUG DELIVERY

C. K. SUDHAKAR^1*, NITISH UPADHYAY², SANJAY JAIN³, and R. NARAYANA CHARYULU⁴

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India

²Department of Quality Assurance, Cipla Pharmaceutical Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

³Department of Pharmacognosy, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

⁴Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSMIPS, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

^*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the graphite sheet rolled nanocargo delivery system used to deliver many drugs to specific area of body depending upon the targeted system and route of administration. Chemistry of CNTs depends on different method of preparation of the carbon nanotubes. CNTs have novel distinct properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of solicitations in nanotechnology in relation to medicine field. CNTs act as drug cargo or Trojan horse, where it can entrap the potent to toxic drug by slight modification in the structure of CNTs and it can deliver to various tissue of the body without harming the normal cells and tissue and targeting the perpetrator tissue. In this chapter, the current state of knowledge of CNTs in the field of medicine with their biomedical applications–in particular for different disease is discussed.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make unique skeleton formulation, which attributes to the amalgamation of superlative mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties. There are many nanotechnology formulations available such as dendrimers, liposomes, polymersomes, etc., but CNTs make it a way different from these nanotechnology formulations due to high loading capacity, cell penetration, and different functional groups for chemically drug loading. CNTs are relishing increasing popularity as building blocks for novel drug delivery systems as well as for bioimaging and biosensing.

1.2 CHEMISTRY OF CNTs

CNTs can be produced by different methods such as arc discharge method; laser ablation, plasma torch; catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD); ball milling; natural, incidental, and controlled flame environments; diffusion flame synthesis; electrolysis; use of solar energy; heat treatment of a polymer; low-temperature solid pyrolysis, etc.⁶⁸ The CNTs have diverse properties, one of the properties is specific surface escorted by adsorption site on the CNTs. CNTs’ adsorption sites can be classified into (1) pore adsorption sites, (2) surface adsorption site, (3) groove adsorption sites, and (4) interstitial sites. CNTs produced by different methods can impact the adsorption sites of CNTs. CNTs developed by CVD method using catalyst only can produce surface adsorption site, groove adsorption sites, and interstitial adsorption sites. CNTs prepared by CVD method are not able to produce pore adsorption site using catalysis. CNTs with cap ends restrict the formation of pore adsorption inside the CNTs. Removing the cap of CNTs using mild or thermal treatment, can lead to pore or internal adsorption site. The drug molecule or a gaseous molecule adsorbed in pores of CNTs is bound much stronger than all other adsorption sites. Large-scale productions of CNTs can lead to bundles of CNTs which can lead different adsorption sites such as surface adsorption site, groove adsorption sites, and interstitial sites (Fig. 1.1). The adsorption site has different binding capacity such as π–π interaction, covalent bonding, and noncovalent bonding. In π–π interaction binding, aromatic group molecules interact with the π–π stacking of CNTs.¹² The covalent functionalization of CNT is narrow since it causes sp³ hybridization, destruction of π-bond interaction; and loss of electrical conductivity properties on the carbon sites of CNTs. Covalent functionalization of CNT form stable chemical bond which can be done by oxidation, halogenation, amidation, thiolation, hydrogenation, etc.³⁶ The noncovalent functionalization of CNTs, done by van der Waal bonds, retains the structural integrity and network, causes no loss of electronic properties, and helps in wrapping of polymers on the surface of the CNTs.^36,61,77 Noncovalent functionalization of CNTs is done by adsorption of polymer, surfactant, nanoparticles, dendrimers, biomolecules, etc. Covalent functionalization is more preferred than noncovalent functionalization as they block the π-bond interaction, which allows the sustained release of therapeutic molecules.³⁶

FIGURE 1.1 Different adsorption sites for gaseous and solid materials, which may be adsorption sites for drug moiety.

The groove sites are narrow troughs formed outside the bundles where two CNTs abut. The interstitial sites are channels between individual CNTs inside the bundle. Simulations showed that CNT interior has the highest binding energy for adsorbing molecules. The presence of the surrounding walls maximizes the attractive van der Waals interactions with the adsorbed molecule. On the other hand, the nanotube’ s external wall curves away from the adsorbed molecules, which implies that the adsorption energy must be smaller than that for the interior or for flat graphene. The adsorption energy for groove sites lies between the adsorption energies of external and internal sites.⁷ Adsorption of molecules in the interstitial channels is a topic still under debate. Molecular simulations shed light on the ongoing controversy.

1.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CNTs

CNT is a unique architecture, rolled-up or curling of two-dimensional honeycomb lattice structure of graphene sheet. CNTs can be classified into zigzag and armchair geometric structure.^20,70 CNTs are a hexagonal lattice of carbon sheet curled into cylindrical shape. CNTs can be single-layer sheet or multiple layers arranged cylindrically. CNTs have flexible physicochemical properties that allow the covalent and noncovalent bonding of drugs molecules, genes, proteins, peptides, and other pharmaceutical entities, and show coherent rationale design of novel nanodrug delivery system.^10,17,18 CNTs have a high specific surface area per unit weight, offering enhanced loading capacity compared to conventional nanomaterials of spherical shape.^62,90 Nanotubes form in two categories: multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT).¹ SWNT can be classified in three different structures based on way the sheet of g...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Editors
• About the AAP Research Notes on Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Book Series
• Table of Contents
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• Preface
• 1. Carbon Nanotubes as Versatile Carriers in Drug Delivery
• 2. A Review of a Computational Study of Carbon Nanotubes
• 3. Carbon Nanotube Composites as Photocatalytic Materials
• 4. Adsorption of Cholesterol by Carbon Nanotubes
• 5. Carbon Nanotubes: A Concise Review of the Synthesis Techniques, Properties, and Applications
• 6. Conducting Polymer/CNT-Based Nanocomposites as Smart Emerging Materials
• 7. Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications in Chemical Engineering Science: A Far-Reaching Review
• 8. The Hydrogen Batteries Based on Carbon Nanotubes
• 9. Carbon Nanotubes and Material Science: A Critical Overview and a Vision for the Future
• 10. Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications
• 11. Change in the Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Modified Copper/Carbon Nanocomposites
• 12. Mechanochemical Modification of Metal/Carbon Nanocomposites
• 13. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: Formulation Development and Quality Attributes
• 14. The Investigation of Copper/Carbon Nanocomposite Aqueous Sols for Application at the Cultivation of Lilies
• 15. Metal/Carbon Nanocomposites and Modified Analogous: Possible Participation in Vital Processes
• Index