Chapter 1
How to plan the group
The importance of planning cannot be emphasized enough â as our traditional folk wisdom shows. Foresight and organization are the basis of many of our favourite proverbs: âLook before you leapâ, âA stitch in time saves nineâ, âPrevention is better than cureâ, and so on.
Yet despite the abundance and richness of these traditional insights many groups still fail to get off the ground or splutter into anonymity after a few sessions, due simply to the fact that not enough attention was given, before the group even started, to its planning and organization. There are many reasons for this. From time to time, I still come across the âItâll be all right on the dayâ types or the leaders who believe that planning the group is manipulative or will detract from the involvement of members. Even some who do conscientiously try to organize their thinking about their reasons and purposes for using groupwork, often generate goals and objectives for a group that are unrealistic or grandiose. Much of the conflict and hostility which can then ensue in those groups is simply a product of the leadersâ resentment and frustration with members who wonât seem to âworkâ, and membersâ anger and confusion about the discrepancy between what they are capable of, or willing to do, and what is expected of them.
Before we go on to look at some procedures for planning the group let me say a bit more about why it is important to plan.
Why plan a group?
Whatever their ages, interests, or concerns, individual members come to the group with their own perception of what they want, or do not want from the experience. As the group develops, a common perception of need or interest emerges, which may or may not be compatible with the wants and desires of members (see page 65â66). At some point both individual and group perceptions of needs and goals will be tested against the workerâs perception of the group purpose.
As Whitaker says, if a worker is not clear in his mind about the sort of group he wishes to conduct, âhe will almost inevitably present mixed cues and signals to the groupâ.1 Douglas goes even further. A group leader has got to have a âreasonable certainty about what he intends to doâ.2 Particularly where a group leader is working with suspicious, disbelieving, or hostile clients, âif his own ideas and values are hazy then he will not be convincingâ.3
But there are other reasons for planning a group:
- To assess the degree of need and plan a response
- To determine if groupwork is appropriate in the circumstances
- To clarify the purpose of the group
- To focus on membersâ needs
- To identify specific outcomes
- To determine how these will be achieved. (A plan is the means employed to achieve particular ends or outcomes.)
- To help potential members see the group as a means of meeting their needs
- To pinpoint difficulties or obstacles and develop coping strategies
- To identify resources
- To clarify roles, expectations, tasks of workers and members
Clearly we could extend this list. The point is that leaders who start groups without being clear about their reasons for using groupwork, without adequate planning, or whose desired outcomes are vague are bound for trouble. In my introduction I said that my own style of groupwork was concerned with the âhere and nowâ of individual and group experience. This does not mean that I walk into a group without having considered why I am there, what I can or cannot offer, or without having done some preparation to help group members use a particular experience or activity to achieve an agreed objective.
My own experience is that the ability to work creatively and spontaneously in a group, and use the unexpected incidents that frequently occur, is based on a solid foundation of advance planning and consideration. In architecture there is a dictum, âForm follows functionâ, and this is good advice for group workers. We need to spend time identifying the function of the group in order to arrive at the most appropriate form for realizing our purposes.
A guide to planning
If Douglas is right that a group leader ought to have a âreasonable certainty about what he intends to doâ then we need to look at what activities the leader engages in to acquire this conviction. In the following sections I want to explore in some detail what I consider are the major planning activities of the group leader. My intention is not to suggest that planning a group is an operation which is absolute and definitive or precludes negotiation and agreement with members. The focus throughout is on the worker and what he can do before the first session to help the group become more effective. But first let us ask a question:
Is planning for an existent group different from planning for a group convened by the leader?
There are two ways in which a worker can engage with a group. Either she can convene the group herself or she can be invited or required to work with an already existing group.
If a leader works with an existent group she has not convened, the only difference this makes to the planning process is that:
- The group leader does not select group members. They are already selected
- She does not determine the goals or purposes of the group though she may help to clarify them
- She may have her role prescribed though she may be free within limits to perform it as she sees fit
- The programme may be prescribed although the group leader may have some control over content
With these constraints in mind I want to suggest a method which can apply to the planning of any group whether it already exists or has yet to be formed. There are six stages in this formulation:
- Researching and justifying the need for groupwork
- Attending to membership
- Programming the group
- Leading the group
- Presenting the group
- Planning the first session
The first three stages will be discussed now and the final three explored in the next chapter.
Researching and justifying the need for groupwork
There are a number of steps in this phase of planning.
Becoming aware of the need or problem
The first point to consider is how the demand for group service or membership comes to your attention. Is it a request from an already existing group for help with, letâs say, programme design; from a colleague who wants you to work with some of the children on his caseload because âyou are good with kidsâ, or from a woman you know who is socially isolated and wants to join a group to make friends? Perhaps the provision of a group service is a requirement of your job. You may be expected to reach out to young people through groupwork or required to encourage and facilitate the work of community action groups or work with a diabetes group or post cancer group. Is the idea of groupwork a response on your part to emerging client needs or recognized themes in team, office, agency workload? Considering how the demand for groupwork comes to your attention is important because it raises some important points:
- Who makes the application?
- For whom?
- Why?
- What do they want?
- What do the beneficiaries of the group service actually need?
If you think for a moment you will realize that there are many people who did not originally request help but who are now receiving it and occasionally the demand for a group service represents more the needs of workers or an organization to maintain its grant aid or be seen to provide certain services than it does the real needs of potential group members. This is a recurring factor in why some groups just donât work and will be explored more fully in Chapter 16.
In other circumstances people can ask for help with no real understanding of an agencyâs services or obligations and then find themselves caught up in a programme they are unwilling to be involved in. The point is this, by carefully and thoughtfully assessing how and why you became aware of a particular demand for a group service you can:
- Begin to establish the motivations of yourself and colleagues to offer a service
- Decide that there really is a need that can be met by groupwork and which justifies time, resource, and expenditure
- Gather preliminary information about possible goals for a group
- Make it easier for people to participate in relevant programmes
- Highlight the range and functions of agency provisions and the consequences of involvement
Considering the proposal and testing alternatives
Having established that a social situation exists which might prove amenable to groupwork intervention, the next step is to consider if groupwork is in fact the desired or most appropriate response. Ask questions like:
- Is there a clearly demonstrable group need or problem?
- Does a shared need or problem exist among enough people to warrant groupwork?
- Can I identify a common aim which is likely to get agreement?
- Can groupwork really achieve gains for these potential members?
- What sort of gains?
- What special properties of the group do I wish to make use of?
- Are potential members likely to see the group as relevant and helpful?
- Will the group damage or label or stigmatize any member?
- Is there another medium or form of intervention that can achieve the desired outcome as well as the group?
- Why is the group setting more effective than the one-to-one setting?
- Can I make reasonable estimates of time involved, programme, cost?
- Can I get agency approval for the group in terms of use of time, finance, resource?
From the answers to these questions I try to establish that there is a need which is shared by people, is best met by working in a group, and that I can contribute in some way to this need. I find it useful to identify a general aim for the group such as:
- Providing social activity for isolated people
- Helping a community group clarify its goals
- Providing emotional support for depressed men and women
Having a general aim for the group focuses thinking and makes it easier to locate relevant literature or talk to other group leaders who have worked in this area, in order to obtain a better understanding of the needs of the group and learn about more effective and appropriate ways of working. However, aims are often stated in such general terms that it is not possible to evaluate whether they have been achieved or not. Subsequently I try to break aims down into narrower, more specific goals or objectiv...