The Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals

David M. Kurtz, Gregory S. Travlos, David M. Kurtz, Gregory S. Travlos

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781420091137
• eBook ISBN: 9781351643092
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Medical Theory, Practice & Reference

Key features:

• Serves as the detailed, authoritative source of the clinical chemistry of the most commonly used laboratory animals
• Includes detailed chapters dedicated to descriptions of clinical chemistry-related topics specific to each laboratory species as well as organ/class-specific chapters
• Presents information regarding evaluation and interpretation of a variety of individual clinical chemistry end points
• Concludes with detailed chapters dedicated to descriptions of statistical analyses and biomarker development of clinical chemistry-related topics
• Provides extensive reference lists at the end of each chapter to facilitate further study

Extensively updated and expanded since the publication of Walter F. Loeb and Fred W. Quimby's second edition in 1999, the new The Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, Third Edition continues as the most comprehensive reference on in vivo animal studies. By organizing the book into species- and organ/class-specific chapters, this book provides information to enable a conceptual understanding of clinical chemistry across laboratory species as well as information on evaluation and interpretation of clinical chemistry data relevant to specific organ systems.

Now sponsored by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM), this well-respected resource includes chapters on multiple laboratory species and provides pertinent information on their unique physiological characteristics, methods for sample collection, and preanalytical sources of variation for the particular species. Basic methodology for common procedures for each species is also discussed.

New Chapters in the Third Edition Include:

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• The Laboratory Zebrafish and Other Fishes

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• Evaluation of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function and Injury

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• Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Function and Injury

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• Evaluation of Bone Function and Injury

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• Vitamins

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• Development of Biomarkers

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• Statistical Methods

The Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, Third Edition is intended as a reference for use by veterinary students, clinical veterinarians, verterinary toxicologists, veterinary clinical pathologists, and laboratory animal veterinarians to aid in study design, collection of samples, and interpretation of clinical chemistry data for laboratory species.

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1	The Laboratory Mouse
	Richard H. Luong

CONTENTS

1.1Introduction

1.2Unique Physiological Characteristics of the Laboratory Mouse

1.3Methodology for Sample Collection

1.3.1Blood Collection

1.3.1.1Collection Volume Limits and Frequency of Collection

1.3.1.2Primary Sites for Collection and Restraint

1.3.1.3Handling and Storage

1.3.1.4Serum

1.3.1.5Plasma

1.3.1.6Choice of Anticoagulant

1.3.1.7Storage

1.3.2Urine Collection and Storage

1.4Preanalytical Sources of Variation

1.4.1Sex

1.4.2Age

1.4.3Genetics

1.4.4Health Status

1.4.5Nutritional Status

1.4.5.1Diet

1.4.5.2Fasting

1.4.5.3Caloric Restriction

1.4.6Environment

1.4.7Circadian rhythm

1.4.8Pregnancy

1.4.9Stress

1.4.10Anesthesia

1.4.11Specimen Collection and Handling

1.4.11.1Interfering Constituents

1.4.11.2Site of Sampling

1.5Basic Methodology for Common Procedures

1.5.1Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Stimulation Test

1.5.2Water Deprivation

1.5.3Ammonia Tolerance Test

1.5.4Indocyanine Green Elimination Test

1.5.5Bile Acids—Pre- and Postprandial

1.5.6Bromosulphthalein Clearance

1.5.7Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

1.5.8High-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

1.5.9Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test

1.5.10Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

1.5.11Inulin Clearance—Single Bolus Injection Method

1.5.12TSH (Thyrotropin) Stimulation Test

1.5.13Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test

1.6Reference Ranges

References

1.1INTRODUCTION

The origin of the laboratory mouse lies in pet mice bred by mouse fanciers in Europe throughout the 1800s. These “fancy mice” in turn, were derived from several wild Asian mice species that were selected and mated for desirable traits in Asia before the seventeenth century. Although not appreciated initially, several desirable traits of these so-called “fancy-mice” were genetic in origin. In the early 1900s, biologists conducted Mendelian genetic experiments with fancy-mice (Rader, 2004; Paigen, 2003a). By 1909, the first inbred strain, the dba (DBA/2) mouse, was created by selecting for homozygosity of three recessive coat color alleles: d dilute, b brown, a nonagouti (Paigen, 2003a). By the 1970s, more than 250 strains of inbred mice had been created and used extensively in various fields of biomedical research, including cancer, biology, immunology, and genetics. Their use has expanded further with the advent of transgenic technologies in the 1980s (Paigen, 2003a). Outbred mice, especially the “Swiss” stocks, also have been extensively used for diverse research applications.

Practical and scientific advantages of mice in research include small size, ease of handling, low housing costs, short generation time, fecundity, short time to maturation, genetically homogenous populations (inbred strains) with well-defined traits, 95% genetic homology with humans, and genetic and phenotypic disease homologies between mice and humans (Paigen, 2003b).

Currently, more than 450 major inbred mouse strains and 13,000 unique strains of genetically engineered mice are available for research (National Center for Research Resources, 2004), and mouse gene knockout initiatives ongoing in several countries can be anticipated to increase the numbers further. However, common strains and stocks will be emphasized in this chapter. Further, online resources and information on inbred and genetically engineered mice (and their use as models for disease) not mentioned in this chapter are available to the biomedical researcher, including (but not limited to) the following:

•Mouse Phenome Database (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME; http://phenome.jax.org/)

•Mouse Genome Informatics (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME; http://www.informatics.jax.org/

•Knockout Mouse Project (http://www.knockoutmouse.org/)

•Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Centers (MMRRC Informatics, Coordination and Service Center, Bar Harbor, ME; http://www.mmrrc.org/)

•National Toxicology Program (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/)

•Europhenome Mouse Phenotyping Resource (http://www.europhenome.org/databrowser/viewer.jsp)

•Charles River Laboratories (http://www.criver.com/find-a-model)

There are many indications for performing clinical chemistry (along with other clinical and anatomic pathology testing) in laboratory mice. First, clinical chemistry may help with the characterization or validation of a disease and/or disease model in mice. Second, c...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Contributors
• List of Reviewers
• Chapter 1 The Laboratory Mouse
• Chapter 2 The Laboratory Rat
• Chapter 3 The Laboratory Rabbit
• Chapter 4 The Laboratory Dog
• Chapter 5 The Laboratory Pig
• Chapter 6 The Nonhuman Primate
• Chapter 7 The Laboratory Hamster
• Chapter 8 The Laboratory Guinea Pig
• Chapter 9 The Laboratory Ferret
• Chapter 10 The Laboratory Zebrafish and Other Fishes
• Chapter 11 Evaluation of Hepatic Function and Injury
• Chapter 12 Evaluation of Renal Function and Injury
• Chapter 13 Evaluation of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function and Injury
• Chapter 14 Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Function and Injury
• Chapter 15 Evaluation of Bone Function and Injury
• Chapter 16 Biochemistry of Immunoglobulins
• Chapter 17 Complement
• Chapter 18 Transport Proteins
• Chapter 19 Acute Phase Proteins
• Chapter 20 Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Chapter 21 Lipids
• Chapter 22 Electrolytes, Blood Gases and Acid–Base Balance
• Chapter 23 Hormones
• Chapter 24 Vitamins, Selected Diet-Derived Factors, and Minerals
• Chapter 25 Development of Biomarkers
• Chapter 26 Statistical Methods
• Index