Eosinophils in Allergy and Inflammation

Gerald J. Gleich

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780824791216
• eBook ISBN: 9781000723571
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Immunology

This work presents the proceedings of a conference held at Adare Manor, County Limerick, Ireland. It provides an updated, in-depth review of the biological role of eosinophils in allergic diseases, summarizing basic knowledge of these unique cationic proteins. The book features an annotated discussion of the conference's post-presentation question-and-answer session.

1

Eosinophil Granule Proteins: Structure and Function

Gerald J. Gleich and Randa I. Abu-Ghazaleh

Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota

Dohn G. Glitz

UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California

I. INTRODUCTION

The pioneering studies of white blood cell morphology by Paul Ehrlich established that one granulated leukocyte stained with essentially all acid dyes (and Ehrlich tried over 30 acid dyes), but this same leukocyte was not stained by the basic aniline dyes (1). Because Ehrlich discovered that the acid dye eosin was especially useful for staining this cell, the peripheral blood leukocyte containing the acidophilic granules was named the eosinophil. Ehrlich’s observations presumed the existence of basic charge in the eosinophil, and subsequent observations have abundantly substantiated this presumption. Here, information on the principal cationic eosinophil granule proteins will be reviewed with emphasis on the toxicity of the major basic protein (MBP) and the ability of the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) and the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) to elicit the neurotoxic reaction in rabbits referred to as the Gordon phenomenon.

II. EOSINOPHIL GRANULE PROTEINS

Analyses of eosinophils from guinea pigs and humans have established the existence of four predominant cationic proteins, referred to as MBP, the eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), EDN, and ECP.

A. Major Basic Protein

MBP is so named because in the guinea pig it accounts for approximately 55% of granule protein, its isoelectric point is >10, and it is proteinaceous in nature (2, 3, 4). Analysis of guinea pig MBP by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a molecular weight of approximately 11,000 and showed that the molecule is rich in arginine and has a marked propensity to polymerize on the basis of the formation of disulfide bonds. Analyses of human MBP showed that it has similar properties (5). Detailed studies of human MBP indicated that it consists of a single polypeptide chain of 117 amino acids, has a molecular weight of about 14,000, and is rich in arginine with a calculated isoelectric point of 10.9 (6,7). The MBP cDNA specifies the existence of a prepromolecule with a 15-amino-acid leader sequence and a 90-amino-acid prosequence followed by the 117-amino-acid sequence for MBP itself (7,8). The 90-amino-acid pro-portion is markedly enriched in acidic amino acids, especially glutamic acid, and has an isoelectric point of 3.9. When the pro-portion of MBP and the mature protein are combined, one obtains a molecule of 270 amino acids with roughly equal numbers of strongly basic and strongly acidic amino acids and an isoelectric point of 6.2. The balance of charge between the pro-portion and MBP itself suggests that the pro-portion serves to neutralize the toxic properties of MBP. In this view, the proportion would protect the cell from the toxic effects of MBP during the transport of pro-MBP from the Golgi apparatus to the eosinophil granule. Of interest, the cDNA of barley toxin-α-hordothionin, another toxic cationic protein, codes for a nearly neutral precursor (9). Here, the isoelectric point of the barley toxin-α-hordothionin is 9.6 and the isoelectric point of the pro-portion is 3.6 so that the isoelectric point of the entire molecule is 7.6.

The occurrence of a pro-portion in MBP has also been observed in the guinea pig (10,11). Two types of guinea pig MBP, MBP-1 and MBP-2, have been isolated and partially sequenced. Analyses of cDNA indicated that both types show a prepro-MBP with three domains consisting of a signal peptide, an acidic proportion, and mature MBP. Whereas guinea pig MBP-1 and MBP-2 are quite similar and resemble human MBP, the pro-portions of the molecule are not very homologous to the human propiece despite similar pI values. These results indicate that the synthesis of MBP proceeds through a promolecule with a markedly acidic pro-portion in both humans and guinea pigs. Furthermore, while the MBP portions are quite homologous, the pro-portions are less so, suggesting that anionic charge and not sequence homology is critical.

Information regarding MBP localization and MBP function is summarized in Table 1 and reviewed in detail in Ref. 12. Briefly, MBP is localized to the eosinophil granule; it is also present in basophils and placental X cells (13). MBP is a potent toxin and kills parasites, both helminths and protozoa, bacteria, and mammalian cells. It causes histamine release from basophils and rat mast cells, activates neutrophils and platelets, and causes bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyperreactivity when instilled into the lungs of monkeys.

Table 1 Some Properties of Cationic Human Eosinophil Granule Proteins and Their Encoding cDNA and Genes

^aCalculated from amino acid sequences deduced from the cDNAs.

^bnt = nucleotides; kb = kilobases; ORF = open reading frame; UTR = untranslated region; see Ref. 12 for references concerning the molecular biology of these proteins and their genes.

Source: Used with permission from Ref. 12.

B. Eosinophil Peroxidase

EPO differs from neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) in its physicochemical properties and in its deduced amino acid sequence (12). Human EPO consists of two subunits, a heavy chain with M_r 54–58 × 10³ and a light chain with M_r 10.5–15.5 × 10³ (Table 1). EPO cDNA has been cloned and consists of an open reading frame of 2106 nucleotides coding for a 381-base-pair prosequence, a 333-base-pair sequence coding for the EPO light chain, a 1392-base-pair sequence coding for the EPO heavy chain, and a 452-base-pair untranslated 3′ region. EPO belongs to the peroxidase multigene family, including EPO, MPO, thyroid peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase.

When armed with H₂O₂ and a halide, such as Br⁻, EPO generates HOBr, a potent oxidant. Similar reactions occur with I⁻ and Cl⁻, a...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Series Introduction
• Preface
• Conference Participants
• Table of Contents
• Contributors
• 1. Eosinophil Granule Proteins: Structure and Function
• 2. Human Eosinophil Lysophospholipase (Charcot–Leyden Crystal Protein): Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Potential Functions in Asthma
• 3. G-Protein Regulation of Eosinophil Exocytosis
• 4. Regulation of Eosinophil Function by P-Selectin
• 5. Structural Basis for the GM-CSF- and IL-3-Mediated Stimulation of Eosinophil Production and Function in Humans
• 6. The Role of Adhesion Molecules and Cytokines in Eosinophil Recruitment
• 7. The Role of Adhesion in Eosinophil Accumulation and Activation in Asthma
• 8. Eosinophil-Active Cytokines in Human Disease: Development and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF
• 9. Ultrastructural Studies on Mechanisms of Human Eosinophil Activation and Secretion
• 10. Eosinophil Differentiation and Cytokine Networks in Allergic Inflammation
• 11. Eosinophil Membrane Receptors: Function of IgE- and IgA-Binding Molecules
• 12. Cytokine Regulation of Eosinophil-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions by Modulation of Eosinophil Programmed Cell Death and Subsequent Priming for Augmented Function
• 13. Mast Cell and Eosinophil Cytokines in Allergy and Inflammation
• 14. Eosinophils in Immunological Reactions
• 15. Eosinophils and Platelet-Activating Factor
• 16. Pharmacological Control of Eosinophil Activation and Secretion
• 17. Transgenic Experiments with Interleukin-5
• 18. Interleukin-5 Receptor
• 19. The Control of Differentiation and Function of the Th2 Subset of CD4+ T Cells
• 20. Eosinophils in a Guinea Pig Model of Allergic Airways Disease
• 21. Asthma, Eosinophils, and Interleukin-5
• 22. Eosinophils and Late-Phase Reactions in Primates
• 23. Eosinophils and New Antihistamines
• 24. Eosinophils and Asthma
• 25. Eosinophil Granule Proteins in Cutaneous Disease
• 26. Summing Up: Eosinophils 1992
• Index