We begin this chapter with a background to lesson study (LS), its origins and current popularity. Also included is a description of the variety of LS ‘research foci’ that we discuss within the book. This is followed by a discussion of benefits of and risks to LS, the phases of the LS cycle and how to overcome some of the possible obstacles. We provide an overview of a typical Japanese lesson and finally reflect on our experiences of working with LS in a variety of contexts.
Background to lesson study
LS is a long-established research-based approach to the continuing development of teachers’ professional practice. It is widely accepted that LS assisted in transforming teaching and learning in Japan from teacher-centred to student-centred learning aimed at developing mathematical thinking and problem solving (Takahashi & McDougal, 2016). It has been used in some form for over 140 years in Japanese schools. Stigler and Hiebert (1999) popularised Japanese mathematics teaching and LS in the US through their book The Teaching Gap: Best Ideas from the World’s Teachers for Improving Education in the Classroom. Since then, LS has been developed elsewhere including in the West, initially being used in the US and Australia and, more recently, in the UK (Hart, Alston & Murata, 2011).
LS is usually described as some or all of the following: teachers working to research and develop a particular practice (the focus); researching and planning a lesson together; collaboratively teaching and observing the planned lesson; and collaboratively analysing and critically reflecting on that lesson. It is not primarily about perfecting lessons but mainly about researching and developing pedagogical understanding and practice. Ideally, this implies that findings from the lesson will be generalised beyond the immediate context and experience, and understandings will be shared with others through reports and potentially change pedagogy and even the curriculum.
In some cases the research lesson is refined and retaught before the stage of communicating and generalising. We will analyse later in this chapter the advantages and disadvantages of re-teaching the lesson in particular contexts. For example, in Initial Teacher Education (ITE) we will see how, in our experience, re-teaching is an essential part of the cycle for pre-service teachers. Fernandez (2010) also advocated the relevance of ‘repeated cycles’ in LS with ITE students. However in Japan, re-teaching the lesson is not common practice (Fujii, 2014) and some Japanese researchers believe the re-teaching of the lesson to be unethical, since it positions teaching as a science experiment, and children as experimental objects (Seleznyov, 2018).
Teachers begin the LS process by deciding on a LS focus and a problem or content area that they wish to develop. Previous research (Fernandez & Yoshida, 2004; Lewis & Tsuchida, 1998) has indicated the need for an identified focus when conducting LS, the Japanese calling this focus the research goal and the lesson plan the research proposal. Some examples of goals from lessons include ‘take initiative as learners’, ‘be active problem-solvers’, ‘be active problem-seekers’, ‘develop scientific ways of thinking’ and ‘develop their individuality’ (Lewis & Tsuchida, 1998, p. 14). Equally goals may be focused round topics that are difficult to teach, such as ‘How does one divide fractions?’ The research foci for the chapters in this book can be found in the preface.
Hart, Alston and Murata (2011, p. v) highlight that LS is a ‘complex professional learning approach’ with a variety of interpretations, and thus there is a ‘need to identify what is essential for an experience to be LS’. We would agree with this. In the authors’ experiences, LS is not just seen differently in different cultures/nations, but also within the same cultures/nations, with participants adapting some of the key elements to suit local conditions. Through this book and the following ten LS cycles, we will highlight various elements within LS, and in Chapter 12, we will analyse our experiences and summarise what may be useful in other contexts.
LS is aimed at developing the pedagogic practice of the profession as a whole, though, of course, in doing so the individuals involved would be expected to develop their own professional practice too. A great deal of time is spent reflecting on how learners think and learn, with general implications for better teaching practice, rather than a focus on the errors of the teacher and how a particular teacher might improve (as in coaching or other more judgemental forms of lesson observation). As Stepanek, Appel, Leong, Mangan and Mitchell (2006, p. 2) say: ‘Developing a new approach requires deep thought, inquiry and collaboration with a collective focus on teaching rather than teachers.’
Benefits of lesson study
LS has been seen to develop and support teachers in a non-threatening collaborative way, which is important in the current context in schools in the UK (and elsewhere) where ‘performance management and performativity are so dominant in schools and in professional learning’ (Williams, Ryan & Morgan, 2014, p. 151). LS is essentially a collaborative form of professional development. Cajkler, Wood, Norton, Pedder and Xu (2015) analysed 200 studies into LS, and they claim/state that there were four principal benefits for teachers:
- Greater teacher collaboration
- Sharper focus among teachers on students’ learning
- Development of teacher knowledge, practice and professionalism
- Improved quality of classroom teaching and pupil learning outcomes.
(pp. 193–194)
We have also observed, by working on LS for several years, that it can provide a powerful way to develop teachers’ mathematical content and pedagogical knowledge. Teachers question their own content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge by discussing the lesson plan with colleagues and by reflecting on learners’ responses. Alongside this, LS can help develop a culture of talking about mathematics between colleagues who, with time, consequently gain the confidence to discuss content and pedagogy. As we observed above, the LS process is not aimed at achieving the perfect lesson. Participants engage in LS in Japan to learn something new and extend their professional knowledge (Takahashi & McDougal, 2016).
Risks
There are some risks associated with conducting LS cycles and it is important to note them here in order to be prepared. Norwich and Jones (2014) discuss two central risks: (1) that those involved in the LS may not fully appreciate the complexities of the process, particularly if they are new to the practice; and (2) that ‘the LS strategy could be used selectively to make it fit current practices, perhaps because of external pressures’ (p. 152). Such risks might hinder reflections and observations so they may become more superficial/surface level and not achieve the deep analysis and reflection needed. We have observed this particularly when not enough time is dedicated to the preparatory work. Also, in relation to the second point, in our experience lesson study can be misused as a performativity/accountability tool negating the associated benefits of LS.
We, however, believe that the LS process is beneficial when it can help develop a climate of enquiry within schools, even if initially, for the inexperienced team, the gain might be more limited. LS is not a quick fix; it takes time and dedication and the authors have observed that it works better when school management/leadership are committed to devoting, or at least allowing, time and energy to it.