I
I cannot, for the life of me, figure out why it is sometimes easier for us to see an impending end to the world itself than it is to see a world without prisons. Here I am, with stacks of books and articles all around me that spell out the difficult past and present of prisons, and how hopeful a prisonless future would be; and I have no doubt that what Iâm reading is only a taste of the knowledge that writers have dropped on us recently.
Truth: While global competitiveness is a lingering concern for many Americans, since 2002, the United States has drawn strong criticism for leading the world in the rate of incarceration.
Truth: Approximately 2.3 million adults and 69,000 kidsâoverwhelmingly poor people of colorâare currently locked up in the nationâs prisons and jails (Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010).
Truth: The sheer numbers have prompted scholars and activists to point out and explain why the incarcerated population is so predictably drawn along lines of race, class, and gender (Alexander, 2012; Gilmore, 2007; Gottschalk, 2006; Parenti, 2008); to identify viable alternatives to incarceration (Davis, 2003, 2005); to document the exorbitant financial costs of mass imprisonment (Braman, 2009; Chesney-Lind & Mauer, 2003; Western, 2006); to highlight atrocious penal conditions (Abramsky, 2007; Rhodes, 2004); to demonstrate the obstacles faced by people convicted of crimes when reentering communities and attempting to find a job paying living wages, secure housing, get healthcare, or go back to school (Manza & Uggen, 2006; Pager, 2007); and to tell us what supports can be leveraged for those who have done time or are locked up so as to reduce the chance that they will be arrested and confined again.
So, there is no shortage of well-reasoned and researched publications about anti-prison politics, which is why I am having real trouble making sense of hesitance about the concept of prison abolition.
I have already considered the possibility that many people havenât read what Iâve read. Fair enough. If Iâm being honest, as a professor, I know full well that scholarly work often doesnât reach beyond the walls of academic settings. But I donât think access is the problem hereânot in this day and age, when a number of abolitionist professors are taking to social media and circling the globe to share their views of the subject with international news outlets, religious groups, community-based organizations, schools, and anywhere else the public may be. I think something else is up. In an introduction to her classic book, Are Prisons Obsolete?, Angela Davis (2003) argues that the real source of the quandary is the assumed permanence of prisons as a feature in our social scenes and in our minds. According to Davis, âprison is considered so ânaturalâ that it is extremely hard to imagine life without itâ (p. 10). In other words, we donât lack information about abolition; we lack imagination about abolition. I suppose we have to see it to believe it.
II
In the summer of 2016, organizers pitched seven small tents in a vacant lot across the street from Chicago Police Departmentâs Homan Square facility. Considered a âBlack site,â where more than 7,000 peopleânearly 6,000 of them Black folksâwere âdisappearedâ by the police, Homan Square operates as an off-the-books interrogation warehouse for the cityâs most vulnerable. On July 20, 2016, it became a site of protest and a tool for testing the real-world practicalities of abolition.
That day, members of the racial justice-seeking #LetUsBreathe Collective led a march through the predominantly Black community of North Lawndale to Homan Square. Along the way, #LetUsBreathe drew attention to police killings of Black people in and beyond Chicago; juxtaposed the abundance of resources doled out for policing alongside the lack of commitment to support the services needed to develop Black futures; protested a proposed âBlue Lives Matterâ ordinance; and called for the immediate closure of the Black site. The march commenced at Homan Square, the entrance to which another group of activists, Black Youth Project 100, had obstructed by chaining themselves together. Combining civil disobedience with block party, #LetUsBreathe took over the vacant lot opposite Homan Square, launching an encampment they called âFreedom Squareâ as a daylong display of what everyday life might be like outside of the current logic and institution of policing.
Freedom Square included a storeâfilled with free books, clothing, and toiletriesâand a canvas for community art projects. Each of the seven tents represented the resource areas to which organizers believe police funding ought to be diverted: restorative justice, education, mental health, employment, housing, arts, and nutrition. In a Truthout op-ed published two weeks later, #LetUsBreathe Collective co-director, Kristiana Colon (2016), described how the one-day action turned into an extended commitment:
Word of Freedom Square as an all-volunteer run and donations-based laboratory for abolitionist politics quickly spread across activist circles and news outlets far and wide.
When I came through the tent city, I was immediately struck by the presence of Black joyâkids dancing freely, neighbors breaking bread, passersby stopping to converse and sometimes stay, talk of art and love, and the radical potential of the relationships being built. There was also the Brave Space Agreementsâa code of conduct posted on a placard meant to guide how people treated the camp and each other in it, and also to help sort through conflicts. Colon wrote about one such experience of violent conflict, too:
There were other incidents and conflicts to which the Agreements, rather than police intervention, were appliedâfrom stealing to bullying, and more. According to Colon, while Freedom Square was overwhelmingly beautiful in its aspiration, it certainly was not perfect. She wrote:
The occupation lasted 41 days.
My brother, Chris, wasnât around to see Freedom Square. At 24, Chris has been locked up for nearly a half-decade in a rural Illinois prison, a six-hour drive from my home in the Windy City that Iâve taken a couple dozen times. Before that, he was held in Cook County Jail, where my most vivid memories of experiencing incarceration vicariously were made.
In the middle of 2002, I was nine months pregnant and, as is typical for a woman in that condition, I was hot and bothered, in and out of hormonal fits. I was also too wary of going into labor inside the jail to show up alone. So there we were, my husband, Jelani, and I, sitting behind a glass partition (after weâd been X-rayed, searched, and IDed by a gaggle of guards two or three times over) waiting for Chris to toddle in. Jelani checked his watch. Heâd gotten in the habit of keeping tabs on the length of our visits, which were supposed to last a measly half an hour (a few minutes more, if we were lucky), but often we got much less. It was 5:00pm. By now, I thought, Chrisâs friends who had visited earlier should be midway home and my sister should be climbing into her car to make the schlep down here. We were spread out exactly as planned.
It was a hard lesson learning to coordinate visiting days. The year before, when Chris picked up his first case, my sister, my mother, and I went to the County to see about him. All the way up the Bishop Ford and Dan Ryan freeways, we said no more than a few wordsâwe were all probably fantasizing about wringing his scrawny neck, as piping mad as we were. But when we arrived, taken aback by the whole situation, we agreed on the spot to stagger repeated visits in a constant rotation, to hang around the place all day long, if it meant we could keep him with us and out of his cell. I can recall Mom sharing our arrangement with the set of guards who took our registration. âIt doesnât work like that,â the big one chuckled. As soon as he said this, I realized that we were making a rookie mistake, proposing accommodations as if we were checking in at some highfalutin hotel. He dismissed it outright: âYou came together; youâll see him together.â My sister smacked her lips, my belly flopped, and my mother instantly turned red in the face. She tried explaining that we were new to the County, pleadingâquietly, cautiouslyâfor an exception. The little guard was nicer. He said, âIâm sorry, Miss, but thereâs nothing we can do.â Annoyed, we huddled up and sketched the logistics of returning again the very next day. âUm,â he butted in, âunfortunately, you canât come back for another week.â
There is no dignity in jailhouse visits, and the first one is the worst. All that fear and frustration youâve been harboring does not well up at the time of the arrest. No, not until you are trying to work the systemâto navigate the impersonal, impenetrable gulagâdoes it take every fiber of you to prevent yourself from going off. But I doubt thatâs what I was thinking about at that moment. I was almost certainly picturing Chris, scared witless. He was 18 thenânine years younger than me. Lanky, with wide eyes like saucers. Funny, artistic, and sweet as pie. Easy pickings, for sure. When his name was called, we hurried toward the line forming outside the visiting room and filed in, cooperatively.
Somewhere between my introduction to County and the last time that I waddled into it, I discovered a couple more unstated givens: One, the term âvisiting roomâ is a euphemism. The roomâa congested hallway, reallyâseems to narrow with reckless determination that makes it hard to breathe. Whenever Iâm inside, I instantly feel myself losing a sense of proportion, squeezed between the expanse of cement walls and stools bolted to the floor. Two, the stools tucked in the see-through cubicles on either end of the hallway are prime real estate, desirable because of their relative privacy, which, given the context, is obviously a valued comfort. Regulars know to rush for them, snag one, and stay put. Thatâs just what Jelani and I did.
After five or six minutes, in shuffled a crush of banana yellow jumpsuits. The color is important. Had they been dressed in khaki, there would have been nothing remarkable to set them apart from the hundreds of other men under maximum security in my brotherâs division. But yellow is special, reserved for those in âPCâ or protective custody; it screams for undue notice. For safety, Chris had asked to be separated from the general population, then changed his mind when he crossed paths with a guy in khaki who called him a snitch, and changed it again when someone on his deck was stabbed to death. PC was perhaps the lesser of two evils, but besides having a questionable reputation, the label brought with it a mixed bag. The âperk,â for lack of a better word, was extra time bunkered in a cell.
This is not to be confused with âseg,â or disciplinary segregation, colloquially known as âthe holeâ. Apparently, thatâs a whole other situation. Chris once wrote me:
There were eight brothers in yellow, all of them Black, and most around Chrisâs age. Chris, as always, took forever to appear. I bobbed from side to sideâpeeking over and through the crowd, waving my hands wildlyâto make sure he knew he had company. Was I over the top? Sure, but as far as I am concerned, it was a necessary distraction. I have seen peopleâboth inmates and visitorsâcome and go without connecting with one another. Blame those unfortunate occurrences on processing errors or maybe poor timing, but every now and then, somebodyâs son was left standing idly by, sick, scanning the room for his absent lifeline to the engaged world, while the rest of us chummed it up.
It was loud, understandably, with so many full-blown conversations happening all at once, and everybody trying to outdo everybody else. In the movies, there is a phoneâan icky, worn-out phone, but a phone nonetheless. Here, we have a tiny, metal-grated opening in Plexiglas a good distance from a stool, which means that unless youâre 6 feet tall and rail thin, like Chris (and quite unlike me), then sitting and chatting is nearly impossible. When Chris settled down, I stood and, folding over a ballooning midsection, brought my lips close enough to the speaker to kiss it. The rest was largely routine. I drew him out, asking him how he was doing, about the latest in the County, whether he had thought of a slick name for the baby, if he needed any books or money in his account. And when I ran out of steam, ...