Rebellion and Factionalism in a Chinese Province

Zhejiang, 1966-76

Keith Forster

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN:
  9780873325356
• eBook ISBN:
  9781315492070
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: 20th Century History
• Index: History

A detailed case study of provincial politics during the decade-long Cultural Revolution, which analyzes the form and changing nature of mass organizations established in China by 1966. The text traces their evolution, activities and ultimate dissolution ten years later.

NOTES

Notes to Introduction

1. The Cultural Revolution in The Provinces, Harvard East Asian Monographs, 42 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).

2. Keith Forster, “The Hangzhou Incident of 1975: The Impact of Factionalism on a Chinese Provincial Administration”, (Ph. D. thesis: University of Adelaide, 1985).

3. Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, “Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition”, in Belloni and Beller (eds), Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Inc., 1978), p. 445.

4. Ann E. Fenwick, “The Gang of Four and the Politics of Opposition: China, 1971-1976”, (Ph. D. thesis: Stanford University, 1984), p. 20.

5. Lucien Pye, The Dynamics of Chinese Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1981).

6. Beller and Belloni, Faction Politics, pp. 430-7. See also, Norman K. Nicholson, “The Factional Model and The Study of Politics”, Comparative Political Studies, 5: 3 (1972), pp. 303-05.

7. Beller and Belloni, Faction Politics, pp. 419-30.

8. Andrew J. Nathan, “A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics”, China Quarterly (CQ), 53 (1973), pp. 34-66.

9. Nicholson, “The Factional Model”, p. 298.

10. William Hinton, Shenfan (London: Picador Books, 1983), p. 611.

11. Zhang Yun,

(Boost party spirit, overcome factionalism), Hongqi, No. 9 (1984), pp. 6-8. See also Keith Forster, “The Repudiation of the Cultural Revolution”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 17: 1 (1987), pp. 71-72.

12. For example, see Hong Yung Lee, The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978); Anita Chan, Stanley Rosen and Jonathan Unger, “Students and Class Warfare: The Social Roots of the Red Guard Conflict in Guangzhou (Canton)”, CQ, 83, (September 1980), pp. 397-446.

13. For a useful discussion of class as caste, see R.C. Kraus, Class Conflict in Chinese Socialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 117-39.

14. Jonathan Unger, Education Under Mao: Class and Competition in Canton Schools, 1960–1980 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), pp. 130-31.

15. Lee, The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, pp. 340-43.

16. Chan et al., “Students and Class Warfare”, pp. 433-42.

17. Anita Chan (ed.), “A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution” by Liu Guokai, in Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, 19: 2 (1986-7), esp. pp. 73-82, 85-92. Originally published as

in a Chinese mainland underground publication and then in Taiwan in

(A Collection of Mainland underground publications), Vol. 17 (Taibei: Institute for the Study of Chinese Communist Problems, 1983). pp. 91-244.

18. Gao Yuan, Born Red (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987).

Notes to Chapter 1

1. See William Whitson, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–71 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), pp. 245-57.

2. For a biographical sketch of Jiang Hua see “Jiang Hua -- President of the Supreme People’s Court”, I&S, 16: 7 (1980), pp. 85-88; CNS, 288 (18 September 1969), pp. B12-17. The whereabouts of Jiang’s birthplace seems to have caused a great deal of confusion. The above article claims that he was born in Hubei province. Klein and Clark state that Jiang’s birthplace was in Shandong province. See D.W. Klein and A.B. Clark (eds), Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921-1965 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), Vol. I, p. 173. Jiang was in fact born in Jianghua county, Hunan province, from which place he took his name, a fact well known to the citizens of Zhejiang. For written proof, see the interview with Jiang Hua in which Jiang reminisced about Mao Zedong’s frequent visits to Zhejiang and the interviewer noted Jiang’s Hunan accent. ZJRB, December 26, 1983, p. 3. Another fact about Jiang not previously published is that ethnically he is a Yao national. Jianghua county is now a Yao autonomous county in the south of Hunan.

3. For a brief account of Wu’s life and political activities, see the articles published in ZJRB, November 6, 1978, pp. 1, 3; and Kang Keqing, Zeng Zhi and Peng Ru,

(Loyal and devoted, courageous and knowledgeable -- deeply cherish the memory of Comrade Wu Zhonglian), ZJRB, January 28, 1987, p. 2.

4. For a sketch of his career, see “Wang Fang -- Newly Appointed Secretary of the CCP Zhejiang Provincial Committee”, I&S 19: 8 (1983), pp. 67-71.

5. For a recent account of the continued strength of this network see Liang Ruinian,

(Peng Zhen’s clique in the public security network is gaining ground)

(The Tide), 3 (May 15, 1987), p. 12.

6. See Xue’s pr...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Abbreviations
• Tables
• Maps Administrative Map of Zhejiang City of Hangzhou
• Introduction
• One The Outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, May 1966-February 1967
• Two Disunity and Violence, February-August 1967
• Three From “Unity” to Renewed Disunity, September 1967-August 1968
• Four Order and Unity, August 1968-September 1969
• Five Military Rule in Zhejiang, 1969-72
• Six The Reestablishment of Civilian Rule, 1972-73
• Seven Renewed Radicalism, 1973-74
• Eight The Breakdown in Local Authority, 1974-75
• Nine Central Intervention, July 1975
• Ten Consolidation and Renewed Instability, August 1975-September 1976
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Appendix Biographical Sketches of Selected Party and Mass Organization Leaders of Zhejiang
• Bibliography
• Index