Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision

Aida Lai

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781846194139
• eBook ISBN: 9781315357713
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Medical Theory, Practice & Reference

Anatomy and pathology are key areas in medical training, but the amount medical students have to learn within them can seem overwhelming. This book helps students gain a firm grasp of the facts they must know before they enter their clinical years. It encompasses the core basics of the major organ systems in the body and presents them in a memorable, easy-to-read form. The book covers the background and knowledge that are clinically relevant to, and commonly encountered in, end-of-semester exams and provides a solid preparation for clinical years. It is an excellent resource for all medical students wishing to gain and retain anatomy and pathology knowledge in a time-effective manner.

1

Respiratory system

• Nasal cavity

– Continuous with nasopharynx via internal nares

– Roof of nose lined by olfactory epithelium (for smell)

– Remainder of nose lined by respiratory epithelium (modified pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

– Three shelves (superior, middle and inferior conchae; opening below shelves = meatus)

• Conducting portion (rigid conduits to warm and humidify air): ext. nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

• Respiratory portion (gaseous exchange): respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts (last part of respiratory tract containing smooth m.), alveolar sacs, alveoli

• Epithelium lining trachea = pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

– main bronchus = columnar epithelium (fewer goblet cells)

– alveolus = squamous epithelium

• Trachea

– Post. ends of cartilage connected by trachealis muscle

– Begins at level of C6, bifurcates at T4/5

– SS by inf. thyroid a. and bronchial a.

• R. principal bronchus: wider + shorter + more vertical (more common site for inhaled foreign objects to be lodged)

• Bronchopulmonary segments = pyramidal structures within lung lobes separated by connective tissue septum/partition (SS by own a. + drained by own veins + same segmental bronchus → can be resected surgically if disease occurs in a segment)

• Pleurae

– Parietal layer: lines inner chest wall

– Visceral layer: in contact with surface of lungs

– Can be filled with serous fluid (pleural effusion)

(i) blood (haemothorax)

(ii) pus (empyema)

(iii) air (pneumothorax)

(iv) lymphatic fluid (chylothorax)

• Lung (costal surface in contact with costal pleura, and mediastinal surface in contact with mediastinal pleura)

(a) R. lobe (10)

– R. upper lobe

1 Apical

2 Post.

3 Ant.

– R. middle lobe

4 Lateral middle

5 Medial middle

– R. lower lobe

6 Sup. basal

7 Medial basal

8 Ant. basal

9 Lat. basal

10 Post. basal

(b) L lobe (9)

– L. upper lobe

1 + 2 Apicopost.

3 Ant.

4 Sup. lingular

5 Inf. lingular

– L. lower lobe

6 Sup.

7 Medial basal

8 Ant. basal

9 Lat. basal

10 Post. basal

• Surfaces of lungs:

– Apex, diaphragmatic surface and costal surface

– Blunt post. border + sharp ant. and inf. borders

– R.: horizontal + oblique fissure (three lobes)

– L.: single oblique fissure (two lobes)

• Horizontal fissure: runs horizontally at level of fourth costal cartilage → meets oblique fissure in mid-axillary line

• Oblique fissure: runs from sixth costal cartilage → T3 spinous process

• Surface anatomy of lung bases

– Mid clavicular line: sixth rib

– Mid axillary line: eighth rib

– Mid scapular line: tenth rib

• Arterial SS of lungs

– Pulmonary a. and v.

– Bronchial a. (thoracic aorta) (anastomose with pulmonary a. in walls of bronchioles)

• Venous drainage of lungs

– Bronchial v. (azygos v. and hemiazygos v.)

• Lymphatic drainage of lungs

– Pulmonary nodes → hilar nodes → tracheobronchial nodes (tracheal bifurcation) → bronchomediastinal lymph trunks

– Drainage from parietal pleura and thorax → axillary nodes

• Innervation of lungs

– Pulmonary plexus (branches of sympathetic trunk + parasympathetic fibres of vagus n.)

• Lung apex extends 2 cm above ant. part of rib 1 (above clavicle) (covered by cervical pleura and suprapleural membrane)

• Rigid suprapleural membrane limits lung displacement during respiration

• Pleural recesses (separated by a layer of pleural fluid)

– Costodiaphragmatic recess: between costal + diaphragmatic pleurae (lungs expand to this recess during forced inspiration)

– Costomediastinal recess: between costal + mediastinal pleurae

• Type II pneumocyte produces surfacta...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• About the author
• Acknowledgements
• 1 Respiratory system
• 2 Cardiovascular system
• 3 Breast
• 4 Gastrointestinal system
• 5 Urinary system
• 6 Pelvis and perineum
• 7 Male reproductive system
• 8 Female reproductive system
• 9 Endocrine system
• 10 Head and neck
• 11 Upper limb
• 12 Lower limb
• 13 Back and central nervous system
• 14 Sensory organs
• 15 Integumentary system
• Index