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Section V
Reviews
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22 | Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) v. Steenis A New Emerging Cure with Polypharmacological Effects Elin Yulinah Sukandar and Dhyan Kusuma Ayuningtyas |
CONTENTS
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Botanical Description
22.3 Traditional Use
22.4 Phytochemical
22.5 Biological and Pharmacological Activities
22.5.1 Alzheimer
22.5.2 Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory
22.5.3 Antibacterial
22.5.4 Antioxidant
22.5.5 Antiviral
22.5.6 Antidyslipidaemia
22.5.7 Cytotoxicity
22.5.8 Diabetes
22.5.9 Gastroprotective
22.5.10 Hepatoprotective
22.5.11 Hypertension
22.5.12 Hyperuricaemia
22.5.13 Kidney Disorder
22.5.14 Weight Reduction (Anti-Obesity)
22.5.15 Wound Healing
22.6 Safety
22.7 Economic Aspect
22.8 Future Prospect
References
22.1 INTRODUCTION
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) v. Steenis is known as Madeira vine, heart-leaf Madeira vine, mignonette vine, sweet mignonette (Western), lamb’s tail vine (Australia), enredadera del mosquito or parra de madeira (Mexico), enredadera papa (Brazil), binahong (Indonesia), luna luna (Chile), luo kui shu, de san chi (China), madeiraranker (South Africa) and madeiraranka (Sweden). It is native to tropical and sub-tropical areas of Southern America, notably Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. The plant spread from South America via Spanish and Portuguese traders at an early date (Wagner et al. 1999; Vivian-Smith et al. 2007). At present, Anredera cordifolia is extensively distributed and cultivated around the world, either as an ornamental or medicinal plant. It has been globally distributed through China, Japan, Israel, India, some parts of Africa, the United States, Mexico, Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand and its surrounding islands, which demonstrates that this plant can grow in sub-tropical and tropical climate areas (Cagnotti et al. 2007; see Figure 22.1).
FIGURE 22.1 (See color insert.) The heart leaf of Anredera cordifolia.
A limited number of reviews of Anredera cordifolia have been conducted. Currently, there is no detailed review on the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of Anredera cordifolia. Predictably, this is rooted in the limited amount of research on Anredera cordifolia itself. Hence most of the studies in this review come from the authors’ own research. This review will focus not only on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Anredera cordifolia in more detail, but also on economic and botanical aspects of Anredera cordifolia, its scientific application and future prospects.
22.2 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Anredera cordifolia comes from the genus Anredera Juss., named after Spanish word ‘enredadera’ which means creeping or climber plant (Wagner et al. 1999; Vivian-Smith et al. 2007). The family is Basellaceae, which includes up to 12 species of perennial, twining or scandent, succulent or mucilaginous, often tuberous vines (Sperling and Bittrich 1993). Anredera cordifolia has various synonyms, including Boussingaultia cordifolia Ten., Boussingaultia gracilis (Miers), Boussingaultia cordata (Sprenger), Boussingaultia gracilis f. pseudobaselloides (Hauman), and Boussingaultia gracilis f. typica (Hauman; Eriksson 2007). The taxonomic hierarchy of Anredera cordifolia can be seen below:
Kingdom | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Viridiplantae |
Superdivision | Embryophyta |
Division | Tracheophyta |
Subdivision | Spermatophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Superorder | Caryophyllanae |
Order | Caryophyllales |
Family | Basellaceae |
Genus | Anredera Juss |
Species | Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) v. Steenis |
Sperling and Bittrich (1993) stated in their books that Anredera cordifolia was a twining or scandent succulent vine, producing annual or short-lived shoots from thickened stem bases, tuberous crowns or tubers. Inflorescence is an axillary or terminal raceme, and the bracteoles are persistent or deciduous. Its flowers are bisexual or functionally unisexual, sweetly scented with sepals sometimes more or less strongly keeled, white or yellowish to reddish. The stamens are free to the base or shortly connate. The style is single, trilobed or divided nearly at the base. Fruit a nutlet, partly or completely enclosed by the persistent dry perianth, with sepals sometimes forming a broad-winged keel (Figure 22.2).
Eriksson (2007) notes that Anredera cordifolia is renowned by its distinctly pedicellate flowers with a perianth that dries dark brown and spreads also in fruit, with a distinct three-part style. The flowers of the other species having a three-part style tend to dry pale. The inflorescences are usually large and richly branched with numerous flowers, which explain its popularity in some countries as an ornamental plant. It usually reproduces by its tuber outside its native areas. The fruit has not been observed in some countries (Wagner et al. 1999). Anredera cordifolia is an evergreen climber on hedges or other plants, has flashy rhizomes and white or yellowish to reddish flowers (Figure 22.3).
FIGURE 22.2 (See color insert.) The plant of Anredera cordifolia.
FIGURE 22.3 (See color insert.) The rhizome (a) and flower (b) of Anredera cordifolia.
Anredera cordifolia is considered a major problem in some areas. In Australia and African forests, these plants are strictly regulated because they are invasive and can harm native plants in those countries (Boyne et al. 2013). The plants are difficult to control because of their rapid growth and easy vegetative reproduction via tuber (Eriksson 2007). This problem may be a blessing in disguise for the use of Anredera cordifolia as an herbal medicine, particularly in developing countries. Anredera cordifolia may act as a cheap and easy to produce alternative medicine because it grows in various climates, is easy to cultivate, and grows rapidly, showing favourable features for an alternative medicine.
22.3 TRADITIONAL USE
Anredera cordifolia has been used traditionally to treat many diseases around the world. In its native area, South America, Anredera cordifolia has been used to treat injuries (wound healing) and infections (Heisler et al. 2012) as an antibacterial and antifungal (Paz et al. 1996), and to treat toothache and headache (Hilgert 2001). In other countries, Anredera cordifolia has also been used traditionally to treat diabetes (Zhang et al. 2017), to supplement kidney and strengthen lumbus, dissipate stasis and disperse swelling (Zhou et al. 2011) in China; to treat sexually transmitted diseases (Tshikalange et al. 2005) and act as an antivirus (Mulaudzi et al. 2015) in South Africa; act as a galactagogue, postpartum tonic and to increase blood corpuscles in Thailand (Panyaphu et al. 2011); and to treat injury, thrush, indigestion, peptic ulcer, hypertension, various swellings (inflammation), acne, urinary tract inflammation, kidney inflammation and kidney impairment in Indonesia (Hariana 2013; Savitri 2015).
FIGURE 22.4 (See color insert.) Traditional use of Anredera cordifolia in various countries.
The methods of preparation in traditional use were varied, considering the multiple purposes of Anredera cordifolia use. To treat injury or skin infection, the leaves could be put directly on the site of injury. Some people preferred extracting the sap by crushing fresh leaves and putting the sap on the site of injury, while some preferred using the sap in compresses with pieces of clean cloth, cotton or gauze, saturated in hot water (Heisler et al. 2012). Although less traditional, a book about prescriptions for herbal healing by Balch (2012) described the use of Madeira vine for swollen eyelids caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. The most common preparation was a decoction, where fresh or dried leaves of Anredera cordifolia were boiled with water (Hariana 2013). While less common, there have also been suggestions to make a juice of fresh Anredera cordifolia leaves (Hidayat and Napitupulu 2015; Figure 22.4).
22.4 PHYTOCHEMICAL
Various parts of Anredera cordifolia, such as the leaf, stem and tuber, have been used traditionally to treat many diseases. Phytochemical screening results for the stem, leaves and tuber of Anredera cordifolia showed terpenoid, steroid, glycoside and alkaloid contents, while its flower contains terpenoids, steroids and glycosides (Astuti et al. 2011; Leliqia et al. 2017). Most studies have mainly used the leaves, as this part is the most plentiful resource from Anredera cordifolia. The leaves of Anredera cordifolia require a rapid drying method, as they contain high moisture. Aeration at room temperature will lead to the degradation of some chemical constituents as the leaves retain water (Sukrasno 2014).
Lestari et al. (2015) performed phytochemical screening on the leaves of Anredera cordifolia. The leaves were extracted using ethanol 70%, and then fractionated to obtain three fractions: n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions. The screening showed that the leaves of Anredera cordifolia contain saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroid/triterpenoids. The complete result of the screening is presented in Table 22.1.
Numerous chemical constituents have been identified from Anredera cordifolia parts. Lin et al. (1988) found that Anredera cordifolia contained larreagenin A, 3β-hydroxy-30-horoleana-12,19-dien-28-oic acid with its ethyl ester, ursolic acid and 28-ethyl hydrogen 3β-hydroxyolean-12-ene-28,29-dioatea and ethyl 3β-hydroxy-30-horoleana-12, 18-dien-29-oate. Three flavonoid isolates were obtained from the butanolic fraction of ethanol extract of Anredera cordifolia leaves, including one flavone that has 7-OH and predicted having one sugar (monoglycoside) attached to O- on C-5, one flavone which has –OH on C-7 and predicted having 5-OH without -OH on C-4, and the third flavone with 7-OH and o-diOH on B ring and predicted having sugar attached to C-5 (Leliqia et al. 2017). Apigenin or 4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavon and oleanolic acid are the secondary metabolites of Anredera cordifolia (Sukandar et al. 2016). Chromatography profiles of Anredera cordifolia revealed the existence of apigetrin (apigenin-7-glucoside) and rutin (Leliqia et al. 2017).
Methanol extract of Anredera cordifolia leaves contained 8-glucopyranosyl-4′,5,7-trihydro...
