Handbook of Photosynthesis

Mohammad Pessarakli

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• eBook ISBN: 9781315360195
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Since the publication of the previous editions of the Handbook of Photosynthesis, many new ideas on photosynthesis have emerged in the past decade that have drawn the attention of experts and researchers on the subject as well as interest from individuals in other disciplines. Updated to include 37 original chapters and making extensive revisions to the chapters that have been retained, 90% of the material in this edition is entirely new.

With contributions from over 100 authors from around the globe, this book covers the most recent important research findings. It details all photosynthetic factors and processes under normal and stressful conditions, explores the relationship between photosynthesis and other plant physiological processes, and relates photosynthesis to plant production and crop yields.

The third edition also presents an extensive new section on the molecular aspects of photosynthesis, focusing on photosystems, photosynthetic enzymes, and genes. New chapters on photosynthesis in lower and monocellular plants as well as in higher plants are included in this section.

The book also addresses growing concerns about excessive levels and high accumulation rates of carbon dioxide due to industrialization. It considers plant species with the most efficient photosynthetic pathways that can help improve the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Completely overhauled from its bestselling predecessors, the Handbook of Photosynthesis, Third Edition provides a nearly entirely new source on the subject that is both comprehensive and timely. It continues to fill the need for an authoritative and exhaustive resource by assembling a global team of experts to provide thorough coverage of the subject while focusing on finding solutions to relevant contemporary issues related to the field.

Section II

Biochemistry of Photosynthesis

5 Development of Chloroplast

Biogenesis, Senescence, and Regulations

Basanti Biswal and Jitendra K. Pandey

CONTENTS

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Chloroplast Genome: Structure, Organization, and Dynamics for Gene Expression during Chloroplast Development

5.3 Biogenesis of Thylakoids and Stromal Enzyme Complexes during Leaf Development: Assembly of Structural Components and Regulation

5.3.1 Organization and Assembly of Photosystem II, a Well-Examined Thylakoid Complex

5.3.2 Assembly of Photosystem I, Cytochrome b₆f Complex, and ATP Synthase

5.3.3 Possible Mechanism of Assembly of Thylakoid Complexes

5.3.4 Rubisco, an Important Stromal Enzyme: Synthesis, Assembly, and Regulation by Chaperones

5.4 Changes in Chloroplasts during Leaf Senescence: Formation of Gerontoplasts

5.4.1 Ultrastructural Changes of Chloroplasts

5.4.2 Degradation of Photosynthetic Pigments

5.4.2.1 Tracing the Path of Chlorophyll Degradation: Enzymes Involved and the Role of Pheophorbide a Oxygenase

5.4.2.2 Carotenoid Degradation

5.4.2.3 Coordinated Breakdown of Pigment–Protein Complexes during Leaf Senescence: Possible Regulation

5.4.3 Disassembly of Thylakoid Complexes and Loss in Primary Photochemical Reactions

5.4.4 Decline in Rubisco Activity and Loss of the Enzyme Protein: Participation of Proteases and the Vesicular Transport System

5.5 Signals Regulating Chloroplast Biogenesis and Senescence during Leaf Development

5.5.1 Sugar Signaling

5.5.1.1 Depletion of Sugars and Induction of Senescence

5.5.1.2 Induction of Senescence by Excess Sugars

5.5.1.3 Sugar Sensors and Mechanism of Signal Transduction

5.5.1.4 Cross-Talk of Sugar with Nitrogen, Phytohormones, and ROS in Signaling Network

5.5.2 Role of ROS in Signaling Network of Chloroplast Development

5.5.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species Production

5.5.2.2 ROS and Retrograde Signaling

5.5.2.3 Interaction of ROS with Sugar and Phytohormone Signalings

5.6 Conclusions: Knowns, Unknowns, and the Future

Acknowledgments

References

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The biology of plastids in green plants has a long history, and the literature in the area is vast. A book by Wise and Hoober (2006) provides relevant information on different forms of plastids, their origin, specific structural features, functions, and locations in plants. Chloroplast is recognized as the most important form of plastid in green plants and algae because of its function in photosynthesis, which sustains life on the planet Earth. In addition to synthesis of pigments and proteins, chloroplasts in higher plants also participate in the biosynthesis of several essential cellular metabolites, including amino acids, fatty acids, and phytohormones. The organelle also plays a role in the network of sulfur metabolism (Biswal et al. 2008). Existing literature suggests chloroplast as a sensor of abiotic stress and modulator of plant stress response (Biswal et al. 2011). The organelle is also known to play a dominant role in regulating leaf and whole plant development (López-Zuez and Pyke 2005; Inaba and Ito-Inaba 2010). Importantly, the development of the plastid is tightly coupled to the developmental program of the plants, specifically in monocarpic plants (Krupinska et al. 2013). In this context, the mechanism of development of chloroplast and the regulatory system associated with it are emerging as a fascinating area of study in plant science. As such, the development of different plastid forms in plants is complex. The diversity of different plastid forms is primarily because of the diversity in their developmental programs as determined by their position; location (e.g., cells, tissues, and organs); environmental condition; and interaction with neighboring cells (Biswal et al. 2003; Jarvis and López-Juez 2013). Currently, excellent reviews are available on the nature and mechanism of chloroplast development and existing knowledge gaps in our understanding of the regulatory systems associated with the developmental programs (Croce and Amerongen 2011; Fischer 2012; Flores-Pérez and Jarvis 2013; Jarvis and López-Juez 2013; Juvany et al. 2013; Nickelsen and Rengstl 2013; Rochaix 2014; Pogson et al. 2015; Suga et al. 2015). This review will focus only on the pathway of development of chloroplast from proplastid with subsequent transformation of chloroplast to gerontoplast (senescing chloroplast). Gerontoplast is rather a new entry to the plastid family in green plants (Sitte 1977). This plastid with characteristic structural features plays a role in nutrient recycling (Thomas 2013). Figure 5.1 provides a quick introduction to the theme of the review. The development of chloroplast covers three major phases, namely, the buildup phase in emerging leaves with gradual transformation of proplastids to young chloroplasts, which are subsequently transformed to mature chloroplasts. The chloroplasts in fully green mature leaves are capable of capture, assimilation, and storage of carbon with high efficiency. Transformation of mature chloroplast to gerontoplast is the terminal phase of the developmental program, leading to leaf yellowing followed by necrosis and death (Thomas 2013). The genetic regulation and the regulatory network with several internal and environmental factors that determine these developmental transitions are complex and are not fully resolved. Among the environmental factors, light is recognized as the most important one that modulates the plastid development in the photomorphogenic network, mediated by well-identified photoreceptors (Biswal et al. 2003). Reports available on several internal factors modulating plastid development are plenty (Wise and Hoober 2006; Biswal et al. 2013). Phytohormones are well reported to play a critical role during plant development (Biswal et al. 2003). Development-dependent signaling and organellar interactions also influence plastid biogenesis and senescence during leaf development (Biswal et al. 2013). Undoubtedly, the nucleus is one of the important organelles, which codes for most of the plastid proteins, both structural and regulatory. The other organelles, including mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, are, in recent years, known to play a no less important role in regulating plastid development, through an interconnected metabolic network (Pogson and Albrecht 2011; Biswal et ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Editor
• Contributors
• Section I Principles of Photosynthesis
• Section II Biochemistry of Photosynthesis
• Section III Molecular Aspects of Photosynthesis: Photosystems, Photosynthetic Enzymes and Genes
• Section IV Atmospheric and Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
• Section V Photosynthetic Pathways in Various Crop Plants
• Section VI Photosynthesis in Lower and Monocellular Plants
• Section VII Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Section VIII Photosynthesis and Plant/Crop Productivity and Photosynthetic Products
• Section IX Photosynthesis and Plant Genetics
• Section X Photosynthetic Activity Measurements and Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments
• Section XI Photosynthesis and Its Relationship with Plant Nutrient Elements
• Section XII Photosynthesis under Environmental Stress Conditions
• Section XIII Photosynthesis in the Past, Present, and Future Prospective
• Index