Aquaculture Technology

Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture

Richard Soderberg W.

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781351762175
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Marine Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Key features:

• Takes a quantitative approach to the science of aquaculture
• Covers the complete landscape of the scientific basis of fish culture
• Promotes problem solving and critical thinking
• Includes sample problems at the end of most chapters
• Guides the reader through the technical considerations of intensive aquaculture, including fish growth rates, hydraulic characteristics of fish rearing units, oxygen consumption rates in relation to oxygen solubility and fish tolerance of hypoxia, and water reconditioning by reaeration and ammonia filtration.
• Discusses the environmental effects of aquaculture
• Includes a chapter on hatchery effluent control to meet receiving water discharge criteria

Aquaculture Technology: Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture is the first book to provide the skills to raise fish in both a flowing water and a static water aquaculture system with a pragmatic and quantitative approach. Following in the tradition of the author's highly praised book, Flowing Water Fish Culture, this work will stand out as one that makes the reader understand the theory of each type of aquaculture system; it will teach the user "how to think" rather than "what to think" about these systems.

The book presents the scientific basis for the controlled husbandry of fish, whether it be in a stream of water or a standing water pool. Part 1, Flowing Water Fish Culture, is a major revision of the author's initial book and includes greatly expanded coverage of rearing unit design criteria, fish growth and the use of liquid oxygen, hatchery effluent control, and recirculating systems. Part 2, Static Water Fish Culture, presents the scientific basis of fish culture in standing water systems including nutrient and dissolved gas dynamics, pond ecology, effects of fertilization and supplemental feeding, water quality management and representative static water aquacultures.

Aquaculture Technology conveys the science in a manner appropriate for use by university students and teachers and others involved in fish production and aquaculture research and development worldwide. It will enable the reader to adapt to changing technologies, markets, and environmental regulations as they occur.

section one

Flowing water fish culture

chapter one

Flowing water fish culture

The practice of flowing water fish culture in the United States began in the mid-1800s in response to dwindling numbers of native brook trout. The facilities were little more than fenced-off portions of streams ­resembling trout habitat. Eventually, all states with trout fisheries ­established fishery agencies and built hatcheries, and the artificial ­reproduction and husbandry of salmonids was documented.

There are two basic considerations for the controlled growth of fish in a stream of water. First, the medium that supplies oxygen for respiration and flushes away metabolic waste is water, which has a low ­affinity for oxygen and occurs in finite quantities. This problem becomes ­obvious when aquaculture is compared to terrestrial animal husbandry in air, which contains a great deal of oxygen and is ­available in ­unlimited ­supply. Second, fish are cold-blooded and only grow ­satisfactorily within rather narrow temperature ranges. Thus, water temperature determines which species, if any, may be produced. Warm-blooded ­animals, on the other hand, use food energy to ­maintain their ­optimum growth temperatures regardless of environmental temperature.

In the 1950s, David Haskell, an engineer employed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, first applied ­analytical investigation to the art of flowing water fish culture. Haskell’s ­quantitative approach to the definition of chemical and biological parameters ­affecting fish in confinement allowed fish culture to progress from an art to a science.

Haskell’s pioneering work resulted in the elucidation of five basic principles upon which our present understanding of flowing water fish culture is based.

1.At constant temperature, fish growth, in units of length, is linear over time until sexual maturity is approached.

2.The growth rate of fish, in units of length, is proportional to ­temperature. Therefore, if the growth rate at one temperature is known, the growth rate at another temperature may be predicted.

3.Feeding rates can be rationally predicted based on estimated food conversion, metabolic characteristics, and the anticipated growth rate.

4.The maximum permissible weight of fish that can be supported in a rearing unit is determined by the depletion of oxygen and the ­accumulation of metabolic wastes.

5.Oxygen consumption and metabolite production progress in ­proportion to the amount of food fed.

Based upon this framework, flowing water fish culture has become a quantitative agricultural science. The technology of that science is the subject of the chapters that comprise Section I of this book.

chapter two

Fish growth in hatcheries

Growth...