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III
Avionics Development: Tools, Techniques, and Methods
32 Electronic Hardware Reliability P.V. Varde, Nikhil Vichare, Ping Zhao, Diganta Das, and Michael G. Pecht
Introduction • Background • Design for Reliability • RMA • Risk Assessment • Electronic Component Management Plan per IEC TS 62239 • Summary • Definitions • References
33 MIL-STD-1553B Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus Chris de Long
Introduction • Standard • Protocol • Systems-Level Issues • Testing • Further Reading
34 ARINC 429 Digital Information Transfer System Paul J. Prisaznuk
Introduction • Data Bus Basics • ARINC 429 • Message and Word Formatting • Timing-Related Elements • Communications Protocols • Applications
35 RTCA DO-297/EUROCAE ED-124 Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) Design Guidance and Certification Considerations Cary R. Spitzer and Leanna Rierson
Introduction • Key Terms • Outline • Step-by-Step IMA Development and Approval • Recommendations for IMA Certification • References
36 ARINC Specification 653, Avionics Application Software Standard Interface Paul J. Prisaznuk
Introduction • Why Use an Avionics Operating System? • Why Develop an Operating System Interface? • Overall System Architecture • Software Modularity • RTOS Interface • Software Applications • RTOS Proper • Health Monitor Software Function • Summary • Bibliography
37 Time-Triggered Protocol Mirko Jakovljevic
Introduction • History and Applications • TTP and TTA • TTP Fundamentals • TTP Communication Protocol Layering • System Integration with TTP • Modularity and Scalability • Summary • Definitions • Acknowledgments • References
38 Digital Avionics Modeling and Simulation Jack Strauss, Joseph Lyvers, Terry Venema, and Andrew Shupe
Introduction • Underlying Principles • Best Practices • Performance Characterization for an Airborne Receiver Upgrade: Case Study • Research Issues and Summary • Definitions • Further Reading • References
39 Model-Based Development with AADL Julien Delange and Bruce Lewis
Introduction • Brief Overview of AADL • Modeling Avionics Architecture with AADL • Validation of Avionics Architecture Requirements • Automatic Implementation from Models • Other Model-Related Research Interests • Conclusion • Annexes • Disclaimer • Copyright • References
40 Mathworks Approach to MBD Bill Potter, Pieter Mosterman, and Tom Erkkinen
Introduction • Description of Development Tools • Description of Verification Tools • Model and Source Code Development and Verification Processes • Test Case Development Processes • Object Code Development and Verification Processes • Summary and Conclusions • References
41 Esterel SCADE Approach to MBD Jean-Louis Camus
Introduction • SCADE Overview • Scade Language • Typical MBDV Lifecycle with SCADE • SCADE Aeronautics Applications • Summary and Conclusions • Glossary • References
42 Model Checking Tingting Hu and Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti
Introduction • Promela Modeling Language • Spin Usage Notes • Example • References
43 Formal Methods Ben Di Vito
Introduction • Formal Methods Landscape • Example Application • Deductive Methods • Model Checking • Abstract Interpretation • Summary • Appendix • References
44 Navigation and Tracking James Farrell and Maarten Uijt de Haag
Introduction • Fundamentals • Applications • Operational Developments • Conclusion • Further Reading • References
This final section is all about tools, techniques, and methods used to implement avionics functions. Topics include information on data buses, avionics architectures, modeling of avionics and some additional details on navigation algorithms. This section is presented in groups of three topical areas. The first group of chapters looks at hardware reliability and architectures used in modern avionics. The chapter on hardware reliability draws together a number of concepts first introduced in Section I of the handbook to show how avionics reliability is demonstrated. This is followed by two chapters on interconnect techniques and another two chapters on avionics architectures. Chapter 37 shows one way of accomplishing control functions within these architectures. Taken together, these six chapters provide an overall picture of some of the fundamental building blocks using in putting together a new avionics platform while ensuring it will meet the necessary reliability and availability requirements for safety-critical avionics.
The section then shifts to look at the approaches currently being used to accomplish the development of that avionics. As avionics systems get more and more complex, modeling tools have been employed to simulate various system components to assure interactions between components and observe system behavior. The next chapter discusses formal methods which are mathematical representations of systems used to prove or disprove the correctness of system requirements and design. Chapter 44 is but one example of complexity of avionics algorithms; this chapter goes into details of the types of considerations that are necessary for navigation system integration and tracking.
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32
Electronic Hardware Reliability
P.V. Varde*
University of Maryland and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Nikhil Vichare
Dell Computers
Ping Zhao
Apple Inc.
Diganta Das
University of Maryland
Michael G. Pecht
University of Maryland
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Background
32.3 Design for Reliability
Product Requirements and Constraints • The Product Life Cycle Environment • Parts Selection and Management • Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis • Design Techniques • Qualification and Accelerated Testing • Manufacturing Issues • Closed-Loop Monitoring
32.4 RMA
Reliability Modeling • Maintainability • Availability
32.5 Risk Assessment
Importance and Sensitivity Analysis • Risk-Informed Approach in Support of Decision-Making
32.6 Electronic Component Management Plan per IEC TS 62239
Uprating • HALT • Lead Free • Avoidance of Counterfeiting • Long Duration Storage • Obsolescence and Replacement Considerations • Radiation Effects
32.7 Summary
Definitions
References
32.1 Introduction
Reliability of avionic systems is crucial to management and control of aircraft and space systems. Failure of avionics can lead to a range of consequences from less critical, like disruption in schedule or aircraft operations to accident conditions. Major systems of avionics are: (1) flight computer, (2) data network, (3) guidance, navigation and control, (4) communication and tracking, and (5) electrical power. The electronics technology makes for significant part of the avionics. Hence, reliability assurance of electronic components plays an important role in design and operation of aviation systems.
Following are the major characteristics/requirements of avionics from the reliability considerations:
1. The avionics are complex systems exposed to unique set of life cycle environmental and operating conditions.
2. Apart from electronic hardware, the software and human factors have significant impact on its successful operation of avionics.
3. The stringent reliability requirements due to mission criticality and safety considerations.
4. Higher expected life requirements >15 years or more.
5. The technological advances in digital systems require that the reliability modeling approach address the issue in a manner such that reduces uncertainties in the final reliability estimates.
6. Unlike traditional systems where the reliability modeling deals with physical entities like components and systems, in avionics the concept of “service threads” forms essential features of reliability modeling.
7. Modeling for distributed nature of design and operations in aviation systems form inherent part of reliability assessment.
8. Redundancy, diversity and fault tolerant features are inherent to aviation systems design and management.
9. Apart from reliability; availability, maintainability and risk also form important design and operational aspects.
10. Common cause failure is an important issue that need special attention for modeling redundant systems or service threads.
11. Application of risk-informed assessment and management activities often forms part of design and operations procedures.
Apart from this, the considerations like (1) avionics development requires arduous part selection and management process as most of the commercial parts are not mad...
