The Newman Lectures on Thermodynamics

John S. Newman, Vincent S. Battaglia

• Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
• Year: 2019
• eBook ISBN: 9781351610575
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Prof. Newman is considered one of the great chemical engineers of his time. His reputation derives from his mastery of all phases of the subject matter, his clarity of thought, and his ability to reduce complex problems to their essential core elements. He has been teaching undergraduate and graduate core subject courses at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), USA, since joining the faculty in 1966. His method is to write out, in long form, everything he expects to convey to his class on a subject on any given day. He has maintained and updated his lecture notes from notepad to computer throughout his career. This book is an exact reproduction of those notes.

The book presents concepts needed to define single- and multi-component systems, starting with the Gibbs function. It helps readers derive concepts of entropy and temperature and the development of material properties of pure substances. It acquaints them with applications of thermodynamics, such as cycles, open systems, and phase transitions, and eventually leads them to concepts of multiple-component systems, in particular, chemical and phase equilibria. It clearly presents all concepts that are necessary for engineers.

Part B

MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS

Chapter 14

Mixtures

Chemical engineers must be vitally concerned with mixtures, that is, systems containing more than one pure substance. This is because their principal objectives involve separation processes and chemical reactions, and these cannot occur in pure systems.

The extensions of thermodynamics to multicomponent systems were carried out principally by Gibbs [1]. This great American scientist also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, a field that gives much support to thermodynamics by establishing the relationship with molecular concepts.

A mixture can frequently be treated as though it were a pure substance. Air is perhaps the most common example. However, air must be regarded as a multicomponent system when one considers liquefaction, particularly for the purpose of separating air into its components, or humidification, or smog and chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

Furthermore, the laws of thermodynamics, developed in Part A, apply to a closed, multicomponent system just as well as to pure substances, even though there may be two phases present. Figure 14.1 depicts a pressure vessel for measurements in a calorimeter. This bomb contains water and ammonia, and these substances may be transferred from one phase to the other as the temperature is raised (compare Problem 3.2d). Nevertheless, as the temperature is raised, the heat supplied to the contents of the bomb is still related to the entropy change according to

$đQ_{\text{rev}}=TdS.$

(14.1)

Figure 14.1 Calorimeter bomb for determining heat capacities.

In other words, the contents of the bomb can be used as the working material in a Carnot engine just as well as a pure substance. The Carnot engine can then be used to establish the thermodynamic temperature scale and the existence of a state property, known as entropy, for the working material of the engine.

The contents of the bomb, thus, comprise a PVT thermodynamic system c...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• PART A PURE SUBSTANCES
• PART B MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS
• Index: General
• Index: Chemical Compounds