eBook - ePub
Eugenics, 'Aristogenics', Photography
Picturing Privilege
Kris Belden-Adams
This is a test
Share book
- 256 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
eBook - ePub
Eugenics, 'Aristogenics', Photography
Picturing Privilege
Kris Belden-Adams
Book details
Book preview
Table of contents
Citations
About This Book
This is the first study to explore the connections between late-19th-century university/college composite class portraits and the field of eugenics â which first took hold in the United States at Harvard University. Eugenics, "Aristogenics, " Photography takes a closer look at how composite portraiture documented an idealized "reality" of the New England social-caste experience and explains how, when positioned in relation to the individual stories and portraits of members of the class, the portraits reveal points of non-conformity and rebellion with their own rhetoric.
Frequently asked questions
How do I cancel my subscription?
Can/how do I download books?
At the moment all of our mobile-responsive ePub books are available to download via the app. Most of our PDFs are also available to download and we're working on making the final remaining ones downloadable now. Learn more here.
What is the difference between the pricing plans?
Both plans give you full access to the library and all of Perlegoâs features. The only differences are the price and subscription period: With the annual plan youâll save around 30% compared to 12 months on the monthly plan.
What is Perlego?
We are an online textbook subscription service, where you can get access to an entire online library for less than the price of a single book per month. With over 1 million books across 1000+ topics, weâve got you covered! Learn more here.
Do you support text-to-speech?
Look out for the read-aloud symbol on your next book to see if you can listen to it. The read-aloud tool reads text aloud for you, highlighting the text as it is being read. You can pause it, speed it up and slow it down. Learn more here.
Is Eugenics, 'Aristogenics', Photography an online PDF/ePUB?
Yes, you can access Eugenics, 'Aristogenics', Photography by Kris Belden-Adams in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Art & History of Photography. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
Information
1
Harvardâs âClassâ Portraits: Composite Pictures and a New England âAristogenicâ Agenda
Lovell Photoâs Harvard composite class portrait of the collegeâs undergraduate Class of 1887 has a relatively pale face that is void of facial hair, and dark eyes that directly meet, but do not challenge, the viewerâs (Fig. 1.1).1
The subject exudes calm, quiet confidence as âhisâ featuresânone of which are too dominant or aggressiveâare framed by conservatively cut dark hair and imbued with a haze that softens the young manâs narrow hairline, ears, jaw, and neck.
Despite the descriptive specificity of the portrait subjectâs appearance, this composite photograph reveals the face of a young man who never existed. Instead, the image personifies the âaverageâ outward appearance of the entire, all-male, graduating Class of 1887 at Harvard College. To make this portrait, Charles O. Lovell of Northampton, Massachusetts, carefully aligned and re-photographed dozens of portraits on a single negative to create a singular accumulated image from the multiple layers of exposures. Individual studentsâ facial features and bodies are obscured in a ghostly haze as they coalesce to form a data visualization, or aggregate image, of the whole group.
The Brahmin Caste of âSemi-aristocratsâ: âClassâ Matters
Copies of this composite photograph were sold as cabinet-card keepsakes to students and their families, and displayed/archived by Harvard College. But they also functioned as a representation of a particular social caste, Bostonâs Protestant Brahmin elite, for self-celebration, self-preservation, and the affirmation of community as immigration threatened its hold on power.2 The term âBrahminââoriginally a term used to describe the highest of four social castes in Hinduismâwas appropriated in 1860 by physician and essayist Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., to describe a Boston social caste of wealthy âNew England aristocratsâ who were ârobust,â âwell-bred,â and came from well-known Beacon-Hill-neighborhood families who were descended from the original Puritan American settlers.3 As such, Boston Brahmins, Holmes suggests, possessed a sense of âinherited moral responsibility,â whichâcombined with their Protestant beliefs, staunch Puritanical work ethic, and mental acumenâpositioned them (or, the male versions of them) to be genetically predisposed to be âhonorableâ scholars and captains of industry.4
Holmes himself was a member of this distinguished Brahmin group. But apparently, so too were the soon-to-be-accomplished men of Harvard Collegeâs Class of 1887, a group of aspiring professionals in respected, Brahmin-appropriate fields: 42 percent practiced law, 23 percent were in occupations they defined as âbusiness,â 16 percent went into education fields at various levels, 12 percent were physicians, and 7 percent became bankers.5
Holmesâs definition of the Boston Brahmin social caste included a description of âa distinct organization and physiognomyâ that applied to young adults of the Brahmin class who attended university.6 Holmes stated: âIf you will look carefully at any class of students in one of our colleges, you will have no difficulty selecting specimens.â7 A typical male Boston Brahmin university student, he argued, has âa handsome faceâa little too pale, perhaps,â a narrowed jaw, light or non-existent facial hair, and a calm expression.8 As Holmes suggested, the mental image of the distinctive Boston Brahmin gentry is synonymous with the calm, focus, and dignity expected of leaders in education, culture, business, and social life.9 Holmesâs likeness, captured around 1860, exemplifies this description (Fig. 1.2).
A clean-shaven, well-dressed, dignified, Holmes sits with his hands folded in his lap and meets the viewerâs gaze with a soft, non-confrontational expression. Holmesâs face is narrow, fair in complexion, and wears a calm expression. He is a self-composed and poised exemplar of the Brahmin ideal. Likewise, Lovellâs Harvard Class of 1887 composite is fair-skinned and also wears a calm, non-confrontational expression exemplary of Holmesâs definition of the Boston Brahmin.10 Such young men, after all, were likely to be heirs to roles in industry leadershipâpositions that required and rewarded sharp-thinkers who could remain stoic and rational in a crisis.
In a letter to eugenics movement founder/Englishman/friend Francis Galton, US eugenicist/physiology professor/Harvard Medical School dean Henry Pickering Bowditch marveled at how these composites showed a âtalentedâ class of Americans who were âsingularly interestingâ and possessed âbeautiful faces!â11 The âsoftnessâ of their eyes, Bowditch wrote, told of their increased intellectual capacity, and their firm-but-not-overwhelming brow lines indicated a tempered degree of vigor.12 Bowditch featured the Harvard College Class of 1887 composite in the second row (third from left) of his publication for the 1921 Second International Exhibition of Eugenics, as proof of the potential gains of positive eugenics, which celebrated the merits of breeding only among people of superior genetic lines (see Fig. 0.4).
Other representations of the Boston Brahmin from the nineteenth century concur with Holmesâs description. In an essay about Boston businessman and politician Martin Brimmer, whom Harvard-educated author and essayist John Jay Chapman considered âThe Perfect Brahmin,â Chapman remarks: âHe was a lame, frail man, with fortune and position; and one felt that he had been a lame, frail boy, lonely, cultivated, and nursing an ideal of romantic honor.â13 Brimmer also, according to Chapman, was active in âphilanthropy, art and social life,â and he was socially adept: âI might gambol or even wallow, but he would blossom in the perfection of self-effacing courtesy.â14 Thus, âThe Perfect Brahminâ was self-deprecating, culturally well-versed, honorable, charming, social, highly educated, modest, and was born with a degree of privilege that opened doors to the potential for great accomplishments. Physically, he was not overly dominant or commanding, but instead exuded the dignity and refinement telling of his class.
As Holmesâs and Chapmanâs comments suggest, many quietly proud Boston Brahmins themselves felt their bloodline was superior to those of other immigrants, despite its tendency to be less physically robust. Literary scholar Bluford Adams has argued that the New England Anglo-Saxons from whom the Brahmins originated even saw themselves as âbetterâ than their European ancestors because the New Englanders also shared a lineage with the Puritans, who were deemed âa vigorous and good stock.â15 The successful work of building new settlements in New England, which required self-organization, dedication, courage, creativity, and fortitude, Adams suggests, âenhanced the racial characteristics of their ancestors, turning them into the finest members of their raceâthe most pure-blooded, independent, inventive, and self-governing Anglo-Saxonsâbut just in America but on earth.â16
Under Brahmin economic and industrial leadership, and with the benefit of that casteâs monetary support, Boston grew into a center of cultivated culture after the US Civil War. Boston was called the âAthens of Americaâ and the âliterary capital of Americaâ during the 1880s, and was an important educational, artistic, social, and cultural hub throughout the nineteenth century.17 In fact, the only thing better than being a (male) Boston Brahmin, according to an essay by an anonymous and envious writer from The Kansas City Times, dated January 17, 1887, was to enjoy the ultimate privilege of being a (male) âCambridge Brahmin,â who was tightly bound to not only the culture of Boston, but enjoyed easy access to the sub-cultures encouraged by Harvard: âThe Boston Brahmin is a superior being and he is fearfully and wonderfully made. Still, he is exceeded by one other typeâthe Cambridge Brahmin, who, indeed hath all things under his feet.â18 This is to say, a Harvard graduate was the most desired and most privileged type of individual in the country.
But the arrival of Irish immigrants challenged Brahmin political power and influence in the late nineteenth century.19 Boston elected its first Irish Catholic mayor, Hugh OâBrien, in 1889. Before holding that office, OâBrienâwho emigrated from his native Ireland to the US in the 1830sâserved as a Boston alderman starting in 1875. Brahmins fearfully noted that these new immigrants may have been poor, but they also were politically well-organized, and far more numerous than their caste. Seeing one significant vein of Brahmin power threatened, the caste fought back by encouraging positive eugenics to repopulate its gentry, drafting and supporting anti-immigration policies, founding and leading anti-immigration organizations, and negative eugenics to discourage the âbad breedingâ of the âOther.â ...