A People's History of Walthamstow

James Diamond

• Publisher: The History Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780750978996
• eBook ISBN: 9780750989466
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: British History
• Index: History

Walthamstow is well known as the home of William Morris, a former greyhound racing track and the boy band East 17. It's also been home to communities of people for thousands of years. This history tells the unique story of Walthamstow from the area's first Iron Age settlements to its Anglo-Saxon place names, medieval manors, agricultural hamlets and Victorian terraced housing. It includes the area's history in the twentieth century as a suburb of London. The development of Walthamstow is told from the perspective of the people who have lived there and who have helped to shape the place known around Britain today. Their stories are captured using photographs and illustrations, which bring to life how they have lived and worked over the years.

1

Man and Mammoth: From the Ice Age to the Romans

In the late 1860s two scholars at the British Museum started to visit a spot in Walthamstow where gangs of navvies were digging up an area of meadowland. Dr Henry Woodward, a palaeontologist, and his colleague Augustus Wollaston Franks, the Keeper of British and Medieval Antiquities, were eager to discover what remains might have been preserved deep in the earth.

The workmen were excavating an enormous area of land near to the old course of the River Lea to build a chain of water reservoirs and filter beds for the East London Waterworks Company. Sifting through the mounds of peat and clay scooped out as the reservoirs were dug, Woodward discovered the bones of wild horses, wolves and beavers, extinct animals that had thrived in the forest which once covered the area. Amid the deepest deposits of gravel left over from the Ice Age, when glaciers had scraped out the river channel, he found the fossilised remains of a giant-antlered reindeer and the fragments of a mammoth’s molar tooth and tusk.

That wasn’t all. The two scholars also found human skulls and bones as well as bronze spearheads, a dagger handle and earthen pots that Franks catalogued as Celtic. Woodward dug a flint scraper out of a reservoir bank with his hands and by parleying with the workmen Franks acquired an armlet and a stag’s horn club. Among the oldest Bronze Age pottery was a Deverel-Rimbury jar. Most of the pots were dated to the Iron Age and were thought to have been made by descendants of Celtic tribespeople who had migrated from the Continent and travelled along the Lea Valley.

Older artefacts have been discovered in Walthamstow. In the late nineteenth-century, Neolithic objects including hand axes were found in Higham Hill and around Hoe Street, and during the digging of the site for the borough’s electricity generating station at Exeter Road workmen found a flint axe that has been dated at around 20,000 years old. There has been a human presence in the area since the Stone Age.

The evidence for the first human settlement is less clear. The fossil collector Dr Frank Corner claimed to have found a pile-dwelling settlement at one of the reservoirs in Walthamstow. Pile dwellings, also called ‘crannogs’, were wooden structures erected on the shores of lakes and rivers and there have been discoveries of Bronze Age pile dwellings in Ireland and Scotland and East Anglia. Dr Corner reported finding timber stakes about 4ft long driven into the sand and gravel, but a sketch was the only recording. There were also apparently the remnants of pile dwellings discovered on the right bank of the old River Lea during the excavation of the Banbury reservoir in 1900 or thereabouts.

In 2017, evidence of Iron Age settlement was identified by archaeologists excavating an area alongside Vinegar Alley near St Mary’s Church. Discoveries at the site included a ring ditch, which might have encircled prehistoric dwellings, and quarrying pits. The topography of the area suited human settlement: it was a hillside capped with brick-earth, which would have been dug for pottery or building materials, and had a fertile, well-drained soil. Just as importantly, there was fresh water because springs would have bubbled up through the gravel strata offering a constant supply, and the Fillebrook stream flowed nearby. Strategically, it was a strongpoint with commanding views of the valley, and it protected homesteads from winter flooding. It wasn’t the only Iron Age settlement in the Lea Valley. Other settlements were established as hill forts at Ambresbury Banks and Loughton Camp on the ridgeway in today’s Epping Forest, although the Iron Age population of the entire Lea Valley was probably no more than 300 families or so.

A Bronze Age spearhead discovered at the reservoirs in Walthamstow by Augustus Wollaston Franks. (© Trustees of the British Museum)

Pathways would have linked Iron Age settlements and some of the footpaths walked by the Victorians probably followed the course of Iron Age routes. The Black Path, a name which suggests a thoroughfare worn down and trod by human feet over many centuries, was until the late nineteenth century the quickest route over the meadows from Walthamstow to a crossing point at the River Lea. Stretches can still be followed today.

The first people lived in a landscape of marshland and dense forests which were natural barriers to settlement. They cleared woodland, but draining the marshes along the River Lea would have required an engineering skill probably unknown to them, and their agriculture was probably small, square fields of crops. Wild grasses in the wetlands supported pastoral agriculture and the rearing of animals. In the deposits at the reservoir Henry Woodward discovered an abundance of goat bones and the remains of British cattle, an ancient small breed, suggesting that livestock was grazing on the river foreshore. They also fished. In 2016, at a site near what was the old course of the River Lea, archaeologists uncovered what was probably the wooden remains of a Bronze Age fish trap or fishing platform.

By the first century there was an increasing sophistication in agriculture as the Iron Age farmers started to use the ox-drawn mouldboard plough to turn the clay soils and south-east England even started to export wheat. The increasing wealth and resources attracted the Romans to England, who infiltrated into the Lea Valley. Again, the Romans would have travelled along the valley because it was the quickest route into the interior as the migrating Celtic tribes had done before them. But there was now a settled agricultural community of ancient British farmers who resisted them, and according to legend Boudica fought against the Roman armies from Loughton Camp and Ambresbury Banks.

However, archaeological discoveries in Walthamstow show that over many generations the settled community was integrated into Roman society. As well as Franks’ earlier finds in 1903, Charles Hercules Read, a Keeper at the British Museum, excavated the pile dwelling site. He discovered what were probably wares from a river trade including Romano-British urns, jars, vessels and an iron knife as everyday Roman goods were used in households. He also found a Romano-British glass bead and a copper alloy trumpet brooch, suggesting that the people were adopting new styles of Roman-influenced dress.

Not all Romano-British objects found in Walthamstow have been domestic. Workmen dug up a bronze medal on a building site in Vallentin Road in 1931. The first-century token was given out as a souvenir for patrons of a circus. On one side there is the portrayal of a chariot race and on the reverse a dedication to a Roman man, presumably of high status, named Divus Nerva Traianus.

The settlement developed at the Vinegar Alley site during the Romano-British age. The 2017 excavation also uncovered, near to the ring ditch, a large Roman farmstead built within a boundary bank. The farmstead was most likely a collection of dwellings, made of timber and wattle and daub, with fields created by clearing the surrounding forest. A Roman coin and flue tiles were found, possibly indicating a high-status building with underfloor heating, or even a bathhouse in the countryside outside London.

The settlement wasn’t isolated. As well as the river, a secondary Roman road ran along the nearby ridgeway leading up towards Epping Forest, following the course of what was probably an Iron Age path. The Romans also built a road to Colchester to the south-west of the Lea Valley and it’s been suggested that the straight course of Boundary Road in Walthamstow follows the route of an old Roman road, which ran from a high point in the Essex countryside to London.

The Roman trumpet-brooch found in Walthamstow by Charles Hercules Read. (© Trustees of the British Museum)

By about the fifth century Romano-British society had withered across the Lea Valley. By then another Roman farmstead further up the valley at Sewardstone appears to have been abandoned, as had a villa and agricultural estate at Wanstead and another high-status building in Leyton, uncovered over a 2-acre site by workmen in 1718. The farmstead at Vinegar Alley was probably also deserted by then as well.

Over many centuries the area of what is now Walthamstow had from the Bronze Age felt the presence of migrating tribespeople and had been inhabited by Iron Age farmers. In the Romano-British age farmsteads were established and the area was linked to the wider world through a currency and trading system. But from the fifth century or so, after Romano-British society had collapsed, a new people were approaching who would transform the area and give it a name.

2

Wilcume’s Place: Anglo-Saxon Walthamstow

It is likely that in the fifth century or so the first bands of people speaking a Germanic dialect started to wander into the Lea Valley, and they would have discovered that cultivation had faltered at the Romano-British farmsteads in the area.

These were Anglo-Saxon tribespeople who first settled on the eastern seaboard and migrated inland. Archaeologists are now sceptical of the idea that hordes of Saxons, Jutes and Angles invaded and drove out the native Britons, a popular theory among nineteenth-century antiquarians. The newcomers are likely to have arrived in dribs and drabs over many generations rather than in a mass migration, and there was co-existence and intermingling with the settled population.

There’s material evidence from Walthamstow of the new cultures which were being introduced during this migration period. At the pile dwelling site, the British Museum’s Charles Hercules Read found Anglo-Saxon jewellery, including two rings made of twisted copper alloy wire made in the sixth century. Read also found a bird brooch, which is thought to have been Merovingian in origin, from the Frankish rulers of northern Europe. It is a fine piece of craftsmanship: the sixth-century brooch has a hooked beak with a garnet inlaid as an eye, and a tail set with a garnet. Normally, Merovingian women wore a tunic covered with a cloak, which was fastened in place with one or two brooches. The brooch and rings suggest the assimilation of Anglo-Saxon or Frankish culture, or incomers travelling along the valley routes.

The sixth-century bird brooch found by Charles Hercules Read in Walthamstow. (© Trustees of the British Museum)

The strongest evidence for Anglo-Saxon settlement in the Walthamstow area is place names. Over generations the people of the area started to speak Old English, a new language which amalgamated Frisian and Germanic dialects with a smattering of British and Latin words. Old English names for features in the landscape survive in Walthamstow today. A ridge was a landmark in the landscape and in Old English the people used the word hoh to describe the rise of ground. The description is the origin of Hoe Street, the course of which still follows a spur of ground.

They also named their settlements. Today’s Higham Hill stems from Heah-ham, combining the Old English heah – meaning something lofty or tall – with ham for homestead. The Anglo-Saxons also used personal names to describe a settlement. On the high ground across the valley from the hill at Heah-ham was Totta’s-ham or the homestead of an Anglo-Saxon man named Totta. Further up the valley there was a place called Sigeweard’s-tun (a tun was an enclosed dwelling or homestead) after an Anglo-Saxon named Sigweard who established it. Today, it is the hamlet of Sewardstone.

About this time, the place name emerged which evolved over the centuries into today’s modern spelling of Walthamstow. So was Walthamstow a personal place name in origin as well? The favoured explanation is that travellers reaching the settlement who had walked through the dense forests used the word wilcume, meaning welcome, and stow for place, to describe the attractiveness of the area – it was the ‘welcome-place’. However, Wilcume was certainly an Anglo-Saxon female name and it’s known that there was a queen and an abbess named Wilcume as well as ordinary women with the name. Furthermore, it wasn’t unusual for an important woman in Anglo-Saxon society to have her name attached to a settlement and women did own land. In Cambridgeshire is the village of Wilburton, which evolved from Wilburg’s-tun, named after an Anglo-Saxon woman.

So there could have been a local woman named Wilcume who was the origin of the place name. In Old English stow meant ‘a locality’ and ‘a place which is built’, but place names with the Old English word stow are also often associated with meeting places for worship. While there is no written record of a Wilcume in the area, it’s possible there was an important woman who was linked to a religious meeting place. By the seventh century East Saxons had adopted Christianity so the origins of the place name Wilcume’s-stow might go back to that conversion period. Victorian antiquarians liked to believe that present-day St Mary’s Church was on the site of an earlier Saxon church.

What is certain is that the place name was spoken and passed down for many generations by local people before it was ever formally recorded or writte...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Beating the Bounds
• A Note on Spellings and Figures
• 1 Man and Mammoth: From the Ice Age to the Romans
• 2 Wilcume’s Place: Anglo-Saxon Walthamstow
• 3 Villeins and Villages: Life in the Medieval Manors
• 4 Almshouses, Alehouses and Religion in a Tudor Town
• 5 Merchants, Mansions and Poachers: A Seventeenth-Century Parish
• 6 Chartists, Paupers and Apprentices: Walthamstow and the Industrial Revolution
• 7 Land Societies, Philanthropy and Reform in the Railway Age
• 8 Railway Suburb: Builders, Terraces and Timetables
• 9 Dormitory Town: Radicals, Clerks and Costermongers
• 10 The People’s Century
• Bibliography and Sources
• About the Author