Fourier Optics in Image Processing

Neil Collings

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781498760683
• eBook ISBN: 9780429865312
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Physics
• Index: Physics

This much-needed text brings the treatment of optical pattern recognition up-to-date in one comprehensive resource. Optical pattern recognition, one of the first implementations of Fourier Optics, is now widely used, and this text provides an accessible introduction for readers who wish to get to grips with how holography is applied in a practical context. A wide range of devices are addressed from a user perspective and are accompanied with detailed tables enabling performance comparison, in addition to chapters exploring computer-generated holograms, optical correlator systems, and pattern matching algorithms. This book will appeal to both lecturers and research scientists in the field of electro-optic devices and systems.

Features:

• Covers a range of new developments, including computer-generated holography and 3D image recognition
• Accessible without a range of prior knowledge, providing a clear exposition of technically difficult concepts
• Contains extensive examples throughout to reinforce learning

Contents

Preface

Acronyms

Chapter 1 ▪ Introduction

1.1 Computer vision

1.2 Template matching and feature extraction

1.3 Fourier optics

1.3.1 Diffraction

1.3.2 Spatial frequency of a grating

1.3.3 Convolution and correlation

1.3.4 Fourier shift theorem

1.4 Digital techniques

1.5 Trade-off with digital (numerical) approaches

Chapter 2 ▪ Spatial Light Modulators

2.1 Optics of digital picture functions

2.1.1 Replications and apodisation

2.1.2 Space bandwidth product

2.2 EASLM technology and performance parameters

2.2.1 EASLM technology

2.3 Liquid crystal on silicon devices

2.3.1 Configuration of the liquid crystal layer

2.4 Micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems

2.5 Transmissive liquid crystal devices

2.6 Optically addressed spatial light modulator

Chapter 3 ▪ Diffractive Optical Elements

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Design of Diffractive Optical Elements

3.3 Fabrication

Chapter 4 ▪ Transfer Functions and Cameras

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Transfer functions

4.3 Image Sensor

4.4 Cameras

Chapter 5 ▪ Light Sources

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Coherence

5.2.1 Double-slit experiment

5.3 Laser diode optics

5.4 Vertical cavity surface emitting laser

5.5 Light emitting diode

Chapter 6 ▪ Optical Correlators

6.1 Introduction

6.2 System analysis

6.2.1 Geometric optics

6.2.2 Diffraction integrals

6.3 Holographic recording materials

6.4 The Vander Lugt correlator

6.4.1 Background

6.4.2 Original VLC

6.5 The joint transform correlator

6.6 Hybrid correlators

6.7 Correlator systems

6.8 3D Correlators

Chapter 7 ▪ Filtering

7.1 Synopsis

7.2 Vectors and matrices

7.3 Random variables and functions

7.4 Hypothesis testing

7.5 Figures of Merit

7.5.1 Peak sharpness measures

7.5.2 Signal to noise ratio

7.5.3 Discrimination capability

7.6 Filter coding techniques

7.6.1 Phase-only filtering

7.6.2 Binary phase-only filters

7.6.3 Wiener filter

7.6.4 Constrained filters

7.7 Filters based on training images

7.7.1 SPR filters

7.7.2 SDF filters

7.7.3 Trade-off and unconstrained filter design

7.8 Phase-only correlation

Chapter 8 ▪ Systems: Packaging and Applications

8.1 Optical packaging

8.1.1 Systems based on LCLV input transducers

8.1.2 Folded optics

8.1.3 Modular optics

8.1.4 Optics based on plastic substrates

8.2 Active remote sensing

8.3 Passive remote sensing

8.4 DNA sequencing

8.5 Spatial filtering

8.6 Machine vision

8.7 Biometrics

8.8 Target tracking

8.9 Satellite navigation

Bibliography

Index

Preface

Fourier optics as a discipline grew between 1940 and 1960. Duffieux completed a monograph on the subject in 1944, which was privately published after the war in 1946. The work gained little attention outside France, until Born and Wolf called attention to it in their text, Principles of Optics (1959). The lack of a rigorous mathematical basis to the book has led to criticism from some quarters. In particular, the lack of the theory of generalized functions, such as the delta function, was seen as a grave omission. However, the originality of the viewpoint expressed leads to an agreement from all scholars that this book marked the beginning of Fourier optics in the spatial domain. The subject was opened up to a wider community when Introduction to Fourier Optics, by Joseph W. Goodman, was published in 1968. In subsequent editions of this book, an introduction to some of the application areas of this discipline was provided. In particular, two types of optical correlators, the Vander Lugt Correlator and the Joint Transform Correlator, which were conceived in the 1960s, are described in approximately 20 pages of the third edition of this book. A second edition of Duffieux’s book was published in 1970 by Masson (Paris) and an English translation appeared in 1983. Fourier optics is now the cornerstone for the analysis of diffraction, coherence, and holography, as well as specialized topics such as wavefront control, and propagation through random media.

The optical correlator will be presented here in more detail than in Goodman’s book. It is a sensor which detects whether a scene contains a specified content. In certain situations it can replace a human operator: for example, where there is a possibility of fatigue reducing the judgement, or where there is the possibility of overload (large number of visual tasks required). In other cases, the operator cannot be present and quick decisions should be made. For a number of these situations, it is relevant how compact and low power this sensor can be made, so that we shall take a historical view of compact correlators and look at what systems engineering can currently do in th...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Halftitle Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents