Chimpanzee Rights

The Philosophers’ Brief

Kristin Andrews, Gary Comstock, Crozier G.K.D., Sue Donaldson, Andrew Fenton, Tyler John, L. Syd M Johnson, Robert Jones, Will Kymlicka, Letitia Meynell, Nathan Nobis, David Pena-Guzman, Jeff Sebo, Gary L Comstock, Tyler M John, Robert C Jones

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN:
  9781138618664
  9781138618633
• eBook ISBN:
  9780429865619
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Philosophy
• Subtopic: Ethics & Moral Philosophy

Since 2013, an organization called the Nonhuman Rights Project has brought before the New York State courts an unusual request—asking for habeas corpus hearings to determine whether Kiko and Tommy, two captive chimpanzees, should be considered legal persons with the fundamental right to bodily liberty.

While the courts have agreed that chimpanzees share emotional, behavioural, and cognitive similarities with humans, they have denied that chimpanzees are persons on superficial and sometimes conflicting grounds. Consequently, Kiko and Tommy remain confined as legal "things" with no rights. The major moral and legal question remains unanswered: are chimpanzees mere "things", as the law currently sees them, or can they be "persons" possessing fundamental rights?

In Chimpanzee Rights: The Philosophers' Brief, a group of renowned philosophers considers these questions. Carefully and clearly, they examine the four lines of reasoning the courts have used to deny chimpanzee personhood: species, contract, community, and capacities. None of these, they argue, merits disqualifying chimpanzees from personhood. The authors conclude that when judges face the choice between seeing Kiko and Tommy as things and seeing them as persons—the only options under current law—they should conclude that Kiko and Tommy are persons who should therefore be protected from unlawful confinement "in keeping with the best philosophical standards of rational judgment and ethical standards of justice."

Chimpanzee Rights: The Philosophers' Brief—an extended version of the amicus brief submitted to the New York Court of Appeals in Kiko's and Tommy's cases—goes to the heart of fundamental issues concerning animal rights, personhood, and the question of human and nonhuman nature. It is essential reading for anyone interested in these issues.

Subject index

NOTE: page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to endnotes.

ableism/ableist 5, 7, 8, 16

adequate sanctuary environment 89, 92–3

Aibo robot dogs (community membership) 71–2

amicus brief, amicus curiae xviii, 2–4, 10, 111

animality and race (Ko) 6–7

animality and disability 7

Appellate Court (New York Supreme Court) 111

autonomy 29, 45, 54, 62, 66, 73, 74n3, 77–8, 95n11, 103, 114; adequate sanctuaries 89, 92–3; choice and control 89–93; and ethics 93–4; evidence 83–5; personhood and 80–3; self-governance 80–3, 91; welfare 89–92; see also capacity for autonomy

biological taxonomy 16–24

biomedical laboratories 93

Black’s Law Dictionary 49

capacity for autonomy 77–8; evidence see evidence; of personhood 78–9; see also autonomy

captivity xiii, 1, 10n2, 59, 70, 94

Chimp Haven 92–4

choice and control 89–93

chimpanzees xiii–xix, 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, 20, 29, 31, 36n11, 48, 55, 67–70, 77–8, 83–94, 96n16, 101, 103–4, 111–15

citizens 43–4

cluster version 77, 79

cognition xv, xixn5; cognitive 1, 7, 30, 66, 74n1, 84, 89, 91

Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone) 34n3

Common Law 1, 4, 18

communication 29, 86

community ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Foreword
• One Introduction: Chimpanzees, rights, and conceptions of personhood
• Two The species membership conception
• Three The social contract conception
• Four The community membership conception
• Five The capacities conception
• Six Conclusions
• Afterword
• Author index
• Subject index