eBook - ePub
Writing Life Writing
Narrative, History, Autobiography
Paul Eakin
This is a test
Share book
- 152 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
eBook - ePub
Writing Life Writing
Narrative, History, Autobiography
Paul Eakin
Book details
Book preview
Table of contents
Citations
About This Book
Why do we endlessly tell the stories of our lives? And why do others pay attention when we do? The essays collected here address these questions, focusing on three different but interrelated dimensions of life writing. The first section, "Narrative, " argues that narrative is not only a literary form but also a social and cultural practice, and finally a mode of cognition and an expression of our most basic physiology. The next section, "Life Writing: Historical Forms, " makes the case for the historical value of the subjectivity recorded in ego-documents. The essays in the final section, "Autobiography Now, " identify primary motives for engaging in self-narration in an age characterized by digital media and quantum cosmology.
Frequently asked questions
How do I cancel my subscription?
Can/how do I download books?
At the moment all of our mobile-responsive ePub books are available to download via the app. Most of our PDFs are also available to download and we're working on making the final remaining ones downloadable now. Learn more here.
What is the difference between the pricing plans?
Both plans give you full access to the library and all of Perlegoâs features. The only differences are the price and subscription period: With the annual plan youâll save around 30% compared to 12 months on the monthly plan.
What is Perlego?
We are an online textbook subscription service, where you can get access to an entire online library for less than the price of a single book per month. With over 1 million books across 1000+ topics, weâve got you covered! Learn more here.
Do you support text-to-speech?
Look out for the read-aloud symbol on your next book to see if you can listen to it. The read-aloud tool reads text aloud for you, highlighting the text as it is being read. You can pause it, speed it up and slow it down. Learn more here.
Is Writing Life Writing an online PDF/ePUB?
Yes, you can access Writing Life Writing by Paul Eakin in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Languages & Linguistics & Authorship. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
Information
II
Life Writing
Historical Forms
A major in American History and Literature in college conditioned me to embrace a historicist approach to literary texts. Following the example of Perry Miller, noted historian of what he called âthe New England Mind,â I was committed to intellectual history when I wrote my dissertation and my first book, The New England Girl: Cultural Ideals in Hawthorne, Stowe, Howells and James. I argued that these novelists used the characterization of young womenâHester Prynne, little Eva St. Clare, Isabel Archer, and the restâas an opportunity to explore New England history and cultural values. It was then second nature to me to situate texts I studied in the world beyond the text. Life writing has always seemed to me to invite this kind of reading because it is, in my view, a referential art. My first pass at life writing, however, titled Fictions in Autobiography: Studies in the Art of Self-Invention, did seem to some to be making a case for autobiography as just another fiction, to be bundled into the general class of fictions. To correct that impression, I wrote Touching the World: Reference in Autobiography, making the case that, fiction notwithstanding, life writers want their narratives to be understood as having a basis of some kind in biographical fact. In the essays that follow, I explore a range of historical formsâbiography, eye-witness narrative, memoirâin order to emphasize the historical value of what historians like to call ego-documents.
5 Writing Biography
A Perspective from Autobiography
When I read a biography, Iâm less interested in learning what this person did next than in knowing what it was really like to be this person.1 I really do not care for the huge modern volume that seeks to reconstruct in exhaustive detail the daily movements of the subject. I often find myself treating such a biography as a work of reference, a compendium of documentary fact to be consulted selectively rather than read straight through. Sometimesâand I like thisâthereâs no pretense of offering anything else; in American literary studies, for example, we have Jay Leydaâs The Melville Log, to which we can turn for an authoritative account of Melvilleâs activities insofar as the surviving biographical record permits. Of course, Iâm not suggesting that what we are is divorced from what we do, but Iâm especially interested in the kind of question that emerges from the autobiographerâs practice of self-biography: what sense of self, what sense of life story, did this person have? And more generally, because I believe that the condition of selfhood is culturally determined, I want to ask: where does the model of self, where do the language and design of life story, come from? How are they disseminated? The sense of self and the sense of life as a story of some kind are the leading sources of form in the life of subjectivity, which will be my concern in the rest of this essay.
What separates biography from autobiography is what separates us from each other, namely, our subjectivity and the envelope of the body that contains it. This fundamental difference in perspectiveâseeing the subject from the outsideâestablishes at once the value of biographical inquiry, its presumed objectivity, and also its principal limitation, for the experiential reality of the inner world of someone else is ultimately inaccessible and unknowable. As Gertrude Stein put it, âNobody enters into the mind of someone else, not even a husband and wifeâ (âA Transatlanticâ 30). Steinâs solution in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas to the problem posed by the inaccessibility of the inner life is ingenious: she simply and boldly transgressed the generic and experiential constraints the rest of us have to live with, playing both the biographer-as-autobiographer (Stein as Toklas) and the autobiographer-as-biographer (Stein as Toklas on Stein). Iâm not suggesting, however, that we fold up our tents and retire from the field of biography. Instead, Iâd like to consider how this central condition of subjectivity can contribute to our understanding of each member of that related pair, the biographer and the biographerâs subject.
Practicing biographers have plenty of firsthand knowledge about the contribution of their own subjectivity to the writing of a biography, so I shall touch on this matter only briefly here. It is, not surprisingly, a sensitive issue. Several years ago I was invited to be on a panel that included a prominent psychobiographer of one of the great romantic composers. We were to discuss problems of biography, and I recall that the distinguished guest bristled at my suggestion that there might be something of interest to be disclosed in an account of his relation to his subject. Hadnât Erik Erikson, I pursued, made precisely such a disclosure in his preface to Young Man Luther? There he notes that his choice of subject forced him to deal with âproblems of faith and problems of Germany,â problems he could otherwise have âavoidedâ (9). Erikson goes on to imply that somehow in writing Young Man Luther he was facing his own problems, and that the biography was in effect a kind of oblique autobiography, a stand-in for Young Man Erikson.
Although my fellow panelist didnât take much stock in Erikson, I am persuaded nonetheless that something like Eriksonâs relation to his subject obtainsâin varying degrees, of courseâin the writing of any biography. Erikson himself formulates this issue with exemplary care and sensitivity in an essay on the composition of his biography of Gandhi:
[The psycho-historianâs] choice of subject often originates in early ideals or identifications and . . . it may be important for him to accept as well as he can some deeper bias than can be argued out on the level of verifiable fact or faultless methodology. I believe, in fact, that any man projects or comes to project on the men and the times he studies some unlived portions and often the unrealized selves of his own life. (âOn the Natureâ 713)
Such affective involvement, moreover, may lead to a deeper understanding of the subject than might otherwise be achieved. In a recent review of Boswell, Derek Jarrett observes,
James Boswell was able to write the greatest biography in the English language not because of his abilities nor because of his failings, but because of his absorbing interest in James Boswell. He could never have held up such a marvelous mirror to Johnson if he had not been so dedicated to holding one up to himself. (11â13)
So much for the subjectivity of the biographer. I want to turn now to the subjectivity of the biographerâs subject, taking up the case of the individual who has written an autobiography: what uses have biographers made of such texts, and what uses might they make? To begin with, the writer of an auto-biography may seem to be in competition with eventual biographers, as Henry Adams recognized when he spoke of his autobiography as âa mere shield of protection in the grave.â âI advise you to take your own life in the same way,â he counseled Henry James, âin order to prevent biographers from taking it in theirsâ (512â13). Perhaps this preemptive strategy accounts for the fact that biographers characteristically neglect such an act of self-invention, treating the autobiography instead as merely a sourceâindispensable if problematicalâof biographical fact. Thus, the autobiographerâs subjectivity becomes something to be discounted, allowed for as a contaminant of some truth that it would be the work of the biographer to disclose.
By way of illustration, letâs take a problem case and ask, what use can a biographer make of the autobiographies of Lillian Hellman, whom Mary McCarthy (herself a confessed problem liar) branded as âa dishonest writerâ whose every word, âincluding âandâ and âtheâ,â was âa lieâ (Witt 1â2). Others have supported McCarthyâs charges against Hellman, notably Martha Gellhorn and Samuel McCracken. Conceding Hellmanâs âauthoritative detail about everything except timeâ (288), Gellhorn zeroes in on the problems of verification that Hellmanâs dates present, struggling with the historical record to establish when, for example, Hellman arrived in Spain in 1938, and on what nights that fall and where, in that war-torn country, bombardments actually took place. The upshot of Gellhornâs research is to discredit Hellmanâs dating and her motives as well: Hellman emerges as the unreliable witness who stages in An Unfinished Woman (1969), the first of her autobiographies, a self-serving exercise in revisionist history designed to make her come off as âthe shining heroineâ of the Spanish Civil War (300). Gellhorn dryly concludes, âMiss H. has the cojones of a brass monkeyâ (299). Following Gellhornâs lead, Samuel McCracken has checked out Hellmanâs factual detail against street indexes and transportation schedules (e.g., âthe only early morning train from Paris to Berlin left the Gare du Nord at eightâ [38]), and he has matched her account of her political views in the 1930s against the public record. The verdict he reaches about Hellmanâs ethics and artistic integrity is as negative as Gellhornâs.
Such charges are not to be dismissed lightly, but Gellhorn and McCrackenâs procedure assumes that the authenticity of an autobiography is determined by strict factual resemblance between the central figure of an autobiographical account and the historical, biographical model on which it is presumably based. Their policing of what they take to be the primary facts of Hellmanâs story, however, offers a mistaken conception of the nature of reference in autobiography, where the past exists only as a function of the autobiographerâs present consciousness. Thus, Philippe Lejeune is prepared to argue that short of proving an autobiographer to be guilty of wholesale fraud or pathological lying, the errors, lies, forgetfulness, or distortions that readers detect with regard to the biographical record are properly interpreted as characteristically involved in the elaboration of personal myth that is part of every autobiography (âThe Autobiographical Pactâ 25â26). In this sense these disturbances in the field of reference take on the value of aspects among others of an autobiographical act that itself remains authentic.
To take Gellhornâs charges as an example, I am less concerned as a reader of autobiography to know whether a younger Hellman, the protagonist of An Unfinished Woman, really was a âheroineâ of the Spanish Civil War, than to recognize that a much older Hellman, author of the autobiography, sees herself in this way. This is to say that of the two orders of biographical fact to which an autobiography may refer, that pertaining to the history of a life evoked in the text as a content and that pertaining to the (usually much briefer) period in which the text was composed, it is to the latter (and later) phase of the autobiographerâs biography that the text seems to me to provide more immediate and hence more trustworthy access. Put another way, in terms of the structure of the autobiographical text, the biographical correspondences, such as they are, refer ultimately to the âI who writesâ rather than the âIâ written about.
Even though I cannot subscribe to the idea that autobiography could, and should, offer a faithful and unmediated reconstruction of a historically verifiable past, I should emphasize that I am not prepared to disqualify an autobiography as a legitimate source of information about the autobiographerâs earlier self and life history. Readers and biographers naturally want to be able to credit the autobiographerâs reconstruction of the past, not only because of our Wordsworthian-Freudian view that the child is father of the man but also because the years before the subject emerges as a subject for biography are not often easily documented, and so the autobiography serves as a precious if problematic record of otherwise unrecoverable events. Gellhorn and McCracken teach us that we do need to do some checking, even though the most interesting biographical factsâthose pertaining to the inner lifeâare least subject to corroboration from external sources.
There is, nevertheless, a serious blind spot in the Gellhorn-McCracken approach. As they busily consult their sources looking for facts, arenât they overlooking Hellmanâs text itself and the writing of it as an extremely interesting fact in its own right? Arenât her lies or inventions or lapses of memoryâit isnât easy to know which term ...