Microcontroller Programming

An Introduction

Syed R. Rizvi

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9781439850770
• eBook ISBN: 9781000755299
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Computer Engineering
• Index: Computer Science

Microcontroller Programming: An Introduction is a comprehensive one-stop resource that covers the concepts, principles, solution development, and associated techniques involved in microcontroller-based systems. Focusing on the elements and features of the popular and powerful Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller IC as a representative example, this book

1

Number Systems, Operations, and Codes

… Read Euler, because in his writings all is clear, well calculated, because they teem with beautiful examples, and because one must always study the sources.

—Joseph L. Lagrange* (on his deathbed, 1813)

OUTLINE

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Digital versus Analog Quantities

1.3 Digital Numbering System (Base 10)

1.4 Binary Numbering System (Base 2)

1.5 Octal Numbering System (Base 8)

1.6 Hexadecimal Numbering System (Base 16)

1.7 Binary-Coded-Decimal System

1.8 Binary Conversions

1.9 Binary Operations

1.10 Octal Conversions

1.11 Hexadecimal Conversions

1.12 Hexadecimal Operations

1.13 1’s and 2’s Complements of Binary Numbers

1.14 Signed Numbers

1.15 The ASCII Code

1.16 Summary

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to

1. Appreciate the difference between digital and analog quantities.

2. Determine the weighting factor for each digit position in the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbering systems.

3. Convert any number from one of the four number systems (decimal, binary, octal, or hexadecimal) to its equivalent value in any of the remaining three numbering systems.

4. Apply arithmetic operations to the binary and hexadecimal number systems.

5. Describe the format and use of binary-coded-decimal (BCD) numbers.

6. Convert a binary number to its 1’s and 2’s complement form.

7. Express positive and negative numbers in sign-magnitude, 1’s complement, and 2’s complement form.

8. Determine the ASCII code for any alphanumeric data by using the ASCII code translation table.

Key Terms: Alpha Numeric, Analog, ASCII Code, BCD, Binary, Bit, Byte, Decimal, Digital, Hexadecimal, Least Significant Bit (LSB), Least Significant Digit (LSD), Most Significant Bit (MSB), Most Significant Digit (MSD), Nibble, Octal, Octet, Parity

1.1 Introduction

There are many ways in which we can represent a numeric value. Each convention for representing numeric values is called a number system. The term “number,” to most of us, immediately brings to mind the familiar decimal number system with its 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. It may sound bizarre to discuss number systems with only two digits, or five, or perhaps eight, but in reality, the only reason we use the decimal numbers is because we have ten fingers that led us to the ten basic symbols of the decimal number system. In this chapter, we will discuss the four number systems (decimal, binary, octal, or hexadecimal), and study their relationship to each other. These systems are essential to the study of digital computing. The binary number system and digital codes are fundamental to computing devices such as microcontrollers and to digital electronics in general. The major reason why binary digits are...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• The Author
• 1. Number Systems, Operations, and Codes
• 2. Semiconductors and Digital Logic
• 3. Microcontroller Hardware
• 4. Microcontroller Software
• 5. Instructions
• 6. Control Structures and Subroutines
• 7. Hello World!
• 8. Input/Output (I/O) Ports
• 9. Interrupts
• 10. Analog Capture
• 11. Input Capture
• 12. Higher-Level Programming
• Appendix 1—Supplemental Web Site
• Appendix 2—States and Resolution for Binary Numbers
• Appendix 3—Basic Boolean Theorems and Identities
• Appendix 4—The Resistor Color Code
• Appendix 5—Waterfall Software Development Lifecycle Model
• Appendix 6—Loading Your Program into the EEPROM
• Appendix 7—Pulse-Width Modulation
• Appendix 8—HC11 Instruction Set
• Appendix 9—Comprehensive Glossary
• Index