Handbook of Biopolymers

Advances and Multifaceted Applications

Shakeel Ahmed, Suvardhan Kanchi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Shakeel Ahmed, Suvardhan Kanchi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar

• Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9789814800174
• eBook ISBN: 9780429656194
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biochemistry
• Index: Biological Sciences

Biopolymers have the potential to cut carbon emissions and reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide released when they degrade can be reabsorbed by plants, which makes them close to carbon neutral. Biopolymers are biodegradable and some are compostable, too. This book presents key topics on biopolymers, including their synthesis, characterization, and physiochemical properties, and discusses their applications in key areas such as biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental engineering. It will serve as an in-depth reference for the biopolymer industry—material suppliers and processors, producers, and fabricators—and engineers and scientists who are designing biopolymers or evaluating options for switching from traditional plastics to biopolymers.

Preface

1 Biopolymers: Classification and Applications

Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Karuppusamy Indira, Jaya Mary Jacob, Malavika Mukesh, and Gopalakrishnan Kumar

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Classification of Biopolymers

1.2.1 Natural Polymers

1.2.1.1 Polysaccharides

1.2.1.2 Polyisoprenes

1.2.1.3 Polynucleotides

1.2.1.4 Polyesters

1.2.2 PHAs

1.2.2.1 Applications of PHAs

1.2.2.2 Blends of PHAs

1.2.2.3 Nanocomposites of polyhydroxyalkanoates

1.2.3 Proteins

1.2.4 Synthetic Biopolymers

1.2.4.1 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

1.2.4.2 Poly(lactic acid)

1.3 Applications

1.3.1 Medicine

1.3.1.1 Drug delivery systems

1.3.1.2 Surgical implants

1.3.2 Agriculture

1.4 Conclusion

2 Bio-Based Biopolymers and Their Potential Applications for Bio- and Non-Bio Sectors

Muhammad Bilal and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Alginate: General Properties

2.3 Chitosan: General Properties

2.4 Biopolymers and Immobilization Engineering

2.5 Biopolymers and Environmental Engineering

2.6 Biopolymers and Biomedical Engineering

2.6.1 Chitosan-Based Applications

2.6.2 Alginate-Based Applications

2.7 Final Remarks and Future Trends

3 3D Printing of Biopolymers: Trends and Opportunities for Medical Applications

Tomy J. Gutiérrez

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Brief History of 3D Printing

3.3 3D Materials Processing Techniques

3.4 Biopolymers Used for 3D Printing

3.5 Advantages of 3D Printing for Medical Applications

3.6 Current Challenges in 3D Printing of Biomaterials

3.6.1 Achieving Target Material Properties and Desired Architectures

3.6.2 Clean and Sterile Manufacturing Environments

3.6.3 Concerns Related to Regulatory Issues

3.6.4 Material-Specific Machines

3.6.5 Future Trends

3.7 Conclusion

4 Proteins and Their Novel Applications

Tanvir Arfin, Shoeb Athar, and Stephy Rangari

4.1 Introduction

4.2 History of Protein

4.3 Structure of Proteins

4.3.1 Primary Structure

4.3.2 Secondary Structure

4.3.3 Tertiary Structure

4.3.4 Quaternary Structure

4.4 Types of Proteins

4.5 Synthesis of Protein

4.6 Cellular Functions

4.7 Novel Applications

4.7.1 Carrier Protein

4.7.2 Biotechnology

4.7.3 Engineering

4.7.4 Biosensors

4.7.5 Electrochemical Biosensors

4.7.6 Optical Biosensors

4.7.7 Bioaffinity Chromatography

4.7.8 Solid-Phase Extraction

4.7.9 Protein Biochips

4.7.10 Protein Nanoparticles

4.8 Conclusions

5 Chitin and Chitosan: The Defense Booster in Agricultural Field

Vijayalakshmi Kumar, K. Sangeetha, P. Ajitha, S. Aisverya, S. Sashikala, and P. N. Sudha

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Biopolymers

5.1.2 Origin of Chitin and Chitosan

5.1.3 Modifications of Chitin and Chitosan

5.2 Characteristics of Chitin, Chitosan, and Derivatives

5.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives

5.2.2 Biological Properties of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives

5.3 Recent Research in Applications of Chitin and Chitosan in Agriculture

5.3.1 In Preservation of Agricultural Commodities

5.3.2 In Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Defense Mechanisms

5.3.3 In Biostimulation of Plant Growth and Its Protection

5.3.4 In Enhancing Food Production

5.3.5 In Enhancing Crop Growth

5.3.6 In Enhancing the Production of Plant Metabolites

5.4 Conclusion

6 Chitosan Applications in Microencapsulation

Berta N. Estevinho and Fernando Rocha

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Microencapsulation

6.3 Microencapsulation Methods

6.3.1 Chemical Processes

6.3.1.1 Coacervation

6.3.1.2 Molecular inclusion

6.3.1.3 Co-crystallization

6.3.1.4 Interfacial polymerization

6.3.2 Mechanical Processes

6.3.2.1 Spray drying

6.3.2.2 Spray chilling

6.3.2.3 Extrusion

6.3.2.4 Fluidized bed

6.4 Encapsulating Agents: Biopolymers

6.4.1 Carbohydrates

6.4.2 Proteins

6.5 Microencapsulation with Chitosan

6.6 Controlled-Release Studies

6.7 Conclusions

7 Current Innovative Chitosan-Based Water Treatment of Heavy Metals: A Sustainable Approach

Tanvir Arfin

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sources of Contamination

7.3 Chitosan

7.4 Heavy-Metal Pollution

7.5 Conventional Procedures

7.6 Heavy Metal Removal

7.6.1 Iron

7.6.2 Copper

7.6.3 Cadmium

7.6.4 Nickel

7.6.5 Chromium

7.6.6 Cobalt

7.6.7 Arsenic

7.6.8 Mercury

7.6.9 Lead

7.6.10 Zinc

7.6.11 Silver

7.6.12 Manganese

7.7 Conclusion

8 Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications

Thazin Han, Nitar New, and Phyu Phyu Win

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Bacterial Cellulose Production

8.3 Application of Bacterial Cellulose

8.3.1 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Food Sector

8.3.2 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedical Sector

8.3.2.1 Drug delivery system

8.3.2.2 Bacterial cellulose scaffold for tissue engineering

8.3.2.3 Bacterial cellulose membrane as skin therapy

8.3.2.4 Bacterial cellulose as an artificial blood vessel

8.3.3 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Textile Sector

8.3.4 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental Treatment Sector

8.3.5 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Paper Production Sector

8.3.6 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biocomposite Preparation

8.4 Conclusions

9 Thermal, Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites

Mohan Turup Pandurangan and Krishnan Kanny

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites

9.2.1 Starch Bio-Nanocomposites Filled by Whiskers

9.2.2 Starch Bio-Nanocomposites Filled by Starch Nanocrystals

9.3 Structure and Morphology of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites

9.4 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Starch-Based Materials

9.4.1 Botanical Origin: Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio

9.4.2 Plasticization

9.4.3 Aging

9.4.4 Fillers

9.4.4.1 Cellulose nanocrystals

9.4.4.2 Starch nanocrystals

9.4.5 Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Starch and Organic Reinforcements

9.4.6 Thermal Properties

9.5 Barrier and Biodegradation Properties

9.5.1 Barrier Properties

9.5.2 Biodegradation Properties

9.6 Processing and Product Development of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites

9.6.1 Applications of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites

9.6.1.1 Casting

9.6.1.2 Extrusion

9.6.2 Applications of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites

9.6.2.1 Food industry

9.6.2.2 Agricultural industry

9.6.2.3 Medical field

9.7 Conclusion

10 Eggshells: From Waste to Medical Applications

Stanley Chibuzor Onwubu, Shalini Singh, Anisa Vahed, and Krishnan Kanny

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Problems Arising from Waste Eggshells

10.1.2 Motivation for the Application of Eggshells

10.2 Overview of Eggshells Structure and Properties

10.3 Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Eggshells

10.4 Medical Benefit of Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite

10.5 Eggshells as a Source of Calcium Supplement

10.6 Medical Application of Collagen Extracted from Eggshell Membrane

10.7 Summary and Recommendations

11 Production ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Halftitle
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents