Hazardous Waste Site Remediation

Domenic Grasso

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781566700566
• eBook ISBN: 9781351441438
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Environmental Management
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Hazardous Waste Site Remediation is an outstanding textbook that reviews specific treatment processes, as well as pertinent basic concepts in organic geochemistry, material balance mass transfer, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Following a quantitative approach to source control, the text covers regulations, materials handling, engineering principles, soil vapor extraction, chemical extraction and soil washing, solidification and stabilization, and chemical destruction. It also explores topics in bioremediation, thermal processes, risk assessment, and waste minimization. A solutions manual is available.

J – Bioremediation

1. Microbial Processes Occurring During Bioremediation

1.1. Overview

1.2. Microorganisms

1.3. Classification

1.4. Definitions

2. Mass Transport Issues During Bioremediation

2.1. Mass Transport in The Liquid Phase

2.2. Mass Transport in Biofilms

2.3. Mass Transport in The Solid Phase

3. Bioremediation Process Applications

3.1. Aboveground Treatment of Soils

3.1.1. Biopiles

3.1.2. Landfarming

3.1.3. Composting

3.1.4. Slurry reactors

3.2. Aboveground Treatment of Water

3.2.1. Suspended Growth Reactors

3.2.2. Fixed Film Reactors

3.3. In-Situ Treatment

4. Kinetics of Bioremediation

4.1. Bioremediation Phases

4.2. Rate Constants and their Applicability

4.3. Applicability of Various Kinetic Models

4.4. Determination of Biodegradation Rate Constants

5. Systematic Approach For Bioremediation Implementation

5.1. Determining Contaminant Biodegradability

5.1.1. Screening for Biodegradability

5.1.2. Estimating Biodegradation Potential for Contaminant

5.1.3. Possibility of Co-Metabolism

5.1.4. Enhanced Biodegradation

5.1.4.1. Nutrient Addition

5.1.4.2. Application and Feasibility of Alternate Terminal Electron Acceptors

5.1.4.3. Effect of pH

5.1.4.4. Effect of Temperature

5.1.5. Determining the Limiting Criteria

5.1.6. Biodegradation Products

5.2. Developing the Microbes

5.2.1. Microcosm Stimulation

5.2.2. Enrichment, Isolation, and Estimation of the Desired Species

5.3. Introduction of the Microbes to Site

5.4. Optimum Conditions for Bioremediation

5.5. Selection of Bioremediation Process

5.5.1. Above Ground Treatment of Contaminated Soils (Landfarming/Composting)

5.5.1.1. Land Farming

5.5.1.1.1. Feasibility and Conceptual Approach

5.5.1.1.2. Factors Affecting Land Farming

5.5.1.1.3. Advantages/ Disadvantages

5.5.1.1.4. Site Characteristics For Selection of Land Farming

5.5.1.1.5. Approximate Costs

5.5.1.1.6. Additional Issues and Research Needs

5.5.1.2. Composting

5.5.1.2.1. Approximate Costs

5.5.2. Above Ground Slurry/Soil Treatment

5.5.2.1. Feasibility and Conceptual Approach

5.5.2.2. Factors Affecting Off-Site Treatment

5.5.2.3. Advantages/Disadvantages

5.5.2.4. Site Characterization Factors for Using Soil-Slurry Treatment

5.5.2.5. Approximate Costs

5.5.2.6. Additional Issues and Research Needs

5.5.3. In Situ Bioremediation

5.5.3.1. Overview

5.5.3.2. Biodegradability

5.5.3.3. Inducibility and Stimulation

5.5.3.4. Feasibility in Combination with Other Technologies

5.5.3.5. Factors Affecting In Situ Bioremediation

5.5.3.6. Advantages/ Disadvantages

5.5.3.7. Site Characterization Factors for Selection of Techniques

5.5.3.7.1. Hydrogeology (Saturated Soil)

5.5.3.7.1.1. Soil Properties (Vadose and Saturated Zone)

5.5.3.7.1.2. Groundwater Quality

5.5.3.7.1.2.1. Inorganic Nutrient Levels

5.5.3.7.1.2.2. Precipitatian of Inorganic Nutrients

5.5.3.7.1.2.3. Dissolved Oxygen Content

5.5.3.7.1.2.4. Presence of Other Terminal Electron Acceptors

5.5.3.8. Approximate Costs

5.5.3.9. Additional Issues and Research Needs

5.5.4. Bioventing

5.5.4.1. Feasibility and Conceptual Approach

5.5.4.2. Factors Affecting Bioventing

5.5.4.3. Advantages/Disadvantages

5.5.4.4. Design Considerations of Bioventing

5.5.5. Site Characterization

5.5.6. Approximate Costs

6. Health and Regulatory Issues

6.1. Health and Safety Issues

6.2. Regulatory Issues

Appendix

1. Basic Mechanism of Biodegradation

2. Aerobic Biodegradation

2.1. Types of Microorganism

2.1.1. Methanotrophs and methylotrophs

2.1.2. Multi-carbon metabolizers

2.2. Biodegradation Pathways for Typical Alkanes and Aromatics

3. Anaerobic Biodegradation

3.1. Types of Microorganism

3.2. Biodegradation Pathways for Typical Alkanes and Aromatics

References

BIOREMEDIATION

Instructional objectives:

• Discuss basic microbial processes occurring during bioremediation

• Quantify mass transport effects in bioremediation

• Discuss kinetics of bioremediation

• Identify optimum conditions for bioremediation

• Determine feasibility of alternative bioremediation methods

• Develop a systematic approach for using bioremediation

1. MICROBIAL PROCESSES OCCURRING DURING BIOREMEDIATION

——1.1. Overview

Bioremediation is defined as the use of microorganisms to mediate the transformation of hazardous chemicals to less toxic and environmentally acceptable compounds.

Bioremediation is a process that utilizes microbial organisms, or their metabolic products to convert complex substances (substrates) to simpler products, typically reducing their toxicity to the environment. The process breaks down the substrate and utilizes the chemical energy liberated to drive the thermodynamically non-spontaneous process, such as synthesis of the cell components. The process converts complex substances, using them as an energy source or carbon source, to simpler compounds. Bioremediation typically effects in an increase in the redox potential of the substrate. When an organic compound is used as a carbon source, and oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor (aerobic processes), carbon dioxide is typically liberated as a byproduct of the process.

Biological treatment can be an efficient and cost effective way to remove hazardous substances from:

• Liquid

• Vapor

• Solid Phases

A myriad of bioremediation technologies have been explored, ranging from attempts to utilize bacterial cultures typically found in the environment to sophisticated genetic engineering applications that produce tailor made organisms capable of degrading specific compounds.

Among the innovative or emerging methods are:

• Plasmid-assisted molecular breeding

• Gene-engineering

• Enhancement of indigenous microorganisms.

Xenobiotic compounds are typically somewhat recalcitrant to biodegradation. Xenobiotic compounds are chemical structures that involve novel chemical groups or su...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Section A Regulations RCRA
• Section B Regulations CERCLA
• Section C Critical Issues in Technology Selection
• Section D Materials Handling
• Section E Engineering Principles
• Section F Soil Vapor Extraction
• Section G Chemical Extraction and Soil Washing
• Section H Solidification and Stabilization
• Section I Chemical Destruction
• Section J Bioremediation
• Section K Thermal Processes
• Section L Risk Assessment
• Section M Project Summary
• Appendix Insructor’s Course Guides