Energy Management in Illuminating Systems

Kao Chen

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN:
  9780849326288
• eBook ISBN:
  9781351451277
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Energy

As our dependence on and need for abundant energy grows, it becomes increasingly important for engineers and managers to develop and maintain energy efficient systems and build effective energy management programs. Energy Management in Illuminating Systems presents the latest concepts, innovative methods, and state-of-the art technologies in commercial or industrial lighting systems and energy management.An effective energy management program comprises three essential elements: organization, technology, and economics. However, the success of any management program clearly must begin with an energy effective illuminating system, which in turn depends upon using sound engineering analysis and design principles during the projects early stages. In this book, the author-with long and unique experience in the field-provides the details of proven methods for achieving these goals. He presents:

• How to organize and operate the illumination energy management program
  
• The elements of designing energy effective illuminating systems-systems that can also increase worker productivity and reduce operating costs
  
• The latest in efficient system components, including light sources, ballasts, and luminaires
  
• How to evaluate energy efficiency, including discussion of the impact of energy efficient equipment on power quality, harmonics, the ""K"" factor, and lighting energy standards Energy Management in Illuminating Systems shows how to design and manage energy effective lighting systems for industrial or commercial facilities. With this book, designers, engineers, and managers finally have a complete, how-to guide for applying practical energy management principles to various systems of illumination.

chapter one

Introduction

1.1    The significance of energy management

Energy management deals with engineering, design, application, utilization, and, to some extent, the operation and maintenance of systems to promote the optimal use of electrical energy. “Optimal” in this case refers to the design or modification of a system to use minimum overall energy where the potential or real energy savings are justified on an economic or cost–benefit basis. Optimization also involves factors such as comfort, healthful working conditions, the practical aspects of productivity, the aesthetic acceptability of the space, and public relations.

Managing energy is more than the implementation of energy conservation opportunities. Since energy management is a continuous process, it is extremely important to monitor energy usage and to use the results to gauge future actions. In some energy applications, measurement or control, or both, at each point of application may be necessary to ensure efficient use of energy.

Accordingly, energy management involves the following professions and fields:

1.  Engineering

2.  Management

3.  Economics

4.  Financial analysis

5.  System analysis

6.  Public relations

7.  Environmental engineering

Some of the essential tools for the program are

1.  Meters and measurements

2.  Demand and energy limits

3.  Highly efficient energy devices

4.  Control systems or building management systems

In engineering new facilities, potential energy conservation must be carefully carried out in initial design of various systems. For existing facilities energy conservation can also be achieved with properly engineered retrofits to the systems in service.

Once an energy-effective system has been established by either a new design or a successful retrofit, an energy management program can then be put into practice to (1) achieve optimal usage of energy, (2) deliver beneficial cost savings to the facility owners, and (3) indirectly reduce pollution and preserve the environment as its ultimate goal.

1.2    The role of energy-effective systems

Energy-effective systems are the most important ingredients of any successful energy management program. Component efficiency alone cannot create an energy-effective system, but technically sound system design and application of various efficient components can produce such a system. This is certainly true for the subject “Energy Management in Illuminating Systems.” Ever since the energy crunch years lighting retrofits have been one of the most popular targets for energy conservation. However, based on numerous energy users’ reports, too often the so-called successful projects are judged from their energy/cost savings or the payback years as the criteria; rarely a mention is made about improvements of visual environment as the result of retrofitting. This goal can usually be achieved along with energy/cost savings if the illumination design principles are properly observed and applied to a project in its initial stages.

An energy-effective illuminating system can be established by:

1.  Recognizing the workers’ visual task requirements and making appropriate design analysis of a proposed new or replacement system

2.  Selecting best-suited energy-efficient light source and equipment for the proposed system

3.  Optimizing the control techniques and integrating daylight into the design wherever feasible

In other words, the illuminating engineer must make sure that the system he/she designed will be energy-effective. Only the energy-effective systems can assure a successful energy management program in illuminating systems.

1.3    EPA’s “Green Lights” and the 1992 National Energy Policy Act

The “Green Lights” (GL) program and the 1992 National Energy Policy Act are two recent important events which will affect illuminating systems design for years to come. All energy managers and/or illuminating design engineers should be familiar with the impacts or effects of these programs before they launch their energy-related illumination projects.

The GL program was introduced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in January 1991. Now more than 2000 corporate partners have joined in. The completely voluntary GL program encourages companies to use energy-efficient lighting products and techniques. These companies agree to survey all of their facilities and install new illuminating systems that maximize energy savings, are profitable, and do not compromise lighting quality in up to 90% of the space. They agree to complete the upgrades within five years, document their improvements, and also to use energy-efficient lighting products when designing new facilities. The EPA offers a training workshop which provides a lighting upgrade manual and a software program. The upgrade manual follows the same order used in a typical commercial building lighting retrofit: project planning, the building survey, financial options, lighting evaluation, project management, equipment disposal, lighting maintenance, and progress reporting. In this approach, it does not bypass expertise, i.e., the illuminating engineer or designer is still required to handle the project.

In October 1992, the President signed into law the most wide-sweeping, comprehensive energy legislation in recent history. The impact of this new energy policy will be felt by business and industry into the new century. Products affected by new efficiency standards include motors, furnaces, air conditioners, water heaters, showerheads, lighting fixtures, lamps, and transformers. The planned energy reduction will have immediate benefit of reducing environmental emissions of CO₂, SO₂, and a host of other chemicals. This will certainly reduce the “greenhouse effect,” global warming, and acid rain.

In addition to the new lighting standard for new buildings (ASHRAE/IES 90.1), there will be a requirement for new efficiency standards to be met for the most popular types of lamps and lighting equipment. Detailed information on the effects of various types of fluorescent and incandescent lamps will be discussed in ensuing chapters. Effective October 1995, lamps, including 4-ft fluorescent, 2-ft U-shaped fluorescent, and incadescent reflector types, which do not meet energy standards are prohibited from further manufacturing. In short, the GL program and the EPACT tend to make the design of a new or retrofitting energy-effective illuminating system more complex and require an expert engineer to carry out the project, so that subsequent energy management programs can be properly implemented.

1.4    Revolution or evolution

The so-called energy-efficient lighting “revolution” sparkled by the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 and electric utilities’ ongoing efforts to reduce power demand (so-called DSM) might better be called “Evolution.” During the past year lighting manufacturers have brought to market both breakthrough technologies and new twists on older technologies to satisfy customers’ particular and diverse needs. Spearheading this market are building owners and lighting specifiers who demand the most energy-efficient and effective lighting possible for each and every application.

A case in point is fiber-optic (FO) lighting technology which has long been used in Europe. FO lighting has now found a home in U.S. applications, such as light-sensitive museum exhibits. Using glass fiber eliminates ultraviolet and infra-red radiation from the spectrum without using heat filters. The induction lamp, another innovative product, is genuinely new technology introduced in 1994. Induction lamps are a great solution for applications that need long life, rugged construction, and energy efficiency. For London’s Big Ben clock tower, the lamps offer brighter illumination and a projected life of 15 years. They are ideally suited. Another recent breakthrough is the “sulfur” lamp. It will move from the laboratory to the workplace with a solid-state microwave generator as its power supply. A central sulfur light source with FO distribution will soon be a reality. This new lighting technology outshines current systems in brightness and energy efficiency and offers a potentially limitless lifetime. It generates light by electromagnetically heating sulfur with microwave energy. The new lighting system consists of golf ball-sized bulbs connected to 10-ft-long, 10-in.-diameter light pipes. The system is ideal for illuminating large spaces, such as factories, warehouses, arenas, and shopping malls. Such a system is already being used at the Smithsonian’s Air & Space Museum, where three 90-ft pipes have replaced 94 conventional lamps, boosted lighting level three times, and cut energy use by 25%. The lamp’s life is limited only by the life of the microwave generator, which is approximately 10,000 to 15,000 h.

Energy savings is the driving force in the lighting industry. For new and retrofit lighting installations, the options include energy-efficient ballasts, high-efficiency lamps, and reflectors. In addition, the utilities offer a rebate to help reduce the initial cost and payback time for a relighting program.

1.5    Objectives of the book

Since the objectives of the book are far beyond achieving a successful energy management program in illuminating systems or an energy-effective illuminating system by virtue of proper design, it is intended to present the latest concept in energy management of illumination and how to implement the intended program to all engineers/managers who are responsible for carrying out their obligation to their facilities, industrial or commercial, for energy/cost savings and promoting and protecting the environment in which we live.

To summarize, an effective energy management program requires proper organization, conscientious controlling and monitoring, and a timely reporting system. However, to ensure the success of any energy management program, the illuminating system must be energy-effective to begin with. This can be accomplished with sound engineering analysis and design principles carried out precisely during the early stage of the contemplated project. The ensuing chapters are arranged in the best sequence to help readers to achieve the above goal as envisioned by the author.

The ensuing chapters will first cover important terminologies in energy-efficient illuminating systems and energy management; energy-efficient lighting system components; new concepts and procedures in illumination design to achieve an energy-effective system which not only uses the latest energy-efficient components, but also integrates appropriate controls and daylighting techniques. Then there will be chapters on the retrofitting procedures and examples; evaluation of the system energy effectiveness and benefits. In addition, a whole chapter is devoted to the DSM, power quality, and harmonics which are generated from the application of energy-efficient lamps and electronic ballasts. The book ends with various updated lighting energy standards which are most relevant to today’s illuminating systems design or retrofitting to realize energy optimization.

chapter two

Fundamentals of energy management

2.1 General concept

To recapitulate the discussions in the introduction, energy management, to be effective, must be based on three equally important elements, namely, technology, economics, and organization. The close relationship between each other or among the three may be more visually established as a triangle (Figure 2.1). In order to succeed in any energy management program, it is essential to firmly establish all requirements in these three branches.

2.2 Elements of energy management

2.2.1 Energy applications

To understand the energy consumption patterns in a facility, it is important to understand the applications of energy processes. Energy applications in a facility can be grouped into six major types:

1. Space conditioning — energy used directly for heating or cooling an area for comfort conditioning

2. Boiler fuel — this is subdivided into space conditioning and process energy

3. Direct process heat — energy used to heat the product being processed, e.g., for kilns, reheat furnaces, etc.

4. Feedstock — fuel used as an ingredient in the process, e.g., electroplating and sodium production

5. Lighting — new design of energy-effective lightin...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Fundamentals of energy management
• Chapter 3: Energy management in illumination
• Chapter 4: New concepts and procedures in illumination design
• Chapter 5: Daylighting and lighting controls
• Chapter 6: Energy-efficient illuminating system components — light sources, ballasts, and luminaires
• Chapter 7: Energy-oriented new and retrofitting installations
• Chapter 8: Evaluating and achieving energy efficiency
• Chapter 9: Power quality, demand-side management, and harmonics
• Chapter 10: Lighting energy standards
• Index