Carpentry and Joinery 2

Brian Porter, Chris Tooke

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2012
• Print ISBN: 9781138142107
• eBook ISBN: 9781136422645
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Civil Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Carpentry and Joinery 2 is the second in a series of three books, which together provide an authoritative and thoroughly practical guide to carpentry and joinery for students following City & Guilds and CITB courses, NVQ candidates, and students working towards an Institute of Carpenters qualification. This book is also ideal for a wide range of amateur and professional woodworkers. Volume 2 builds on the fundamental knowledge introduced in volume 1, by covering more advanced topics and procedures, including machine tools. Essential 'back-up' topics are presented throughout the text to revise the key aspects covered in volume 1. The reader is shown how to apply this basic theory to actual carpentry and joinery practice in a highly illustrated, easily accessible text.The third edition has been fully updated in line with changes to the Building Regulations and current legislation, the third edition also incorporates developments in current best practice, with a comprehensive match to the latest qualifications in Wood Occupations.

1 Site setting-out

Setting-out involves different processes; one or more of which will be necessary before starting any constructional work. They include the following:

• linear measurement,

• working to a straight line,

• setting out angles,

• setting out concentric curves,

• establishing a datum,

• levelling,

• vertical setting-out.

The accuracy with which these are carried out will determine the final outcome of the work.

1.1 Linear measurement

Measuring distances greater than 1 m generally means using a retractable tape measure.

1.1.1 Measuring tapes

Available in a variety of lengths, made of steel or fibreglass coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (linen tapes are now obsolete because of their tendency to stretch, they have been superseded by PVC-coated fibreglass types). Tapes under 10 m in length have a built-in lockable automatic retractable rewind mechanism (see Volume 1, Section 5.1.3), longer tapes are rewound manually.

Digital measuring tapes are available like the one shown in Fig. 1.1. Its liquid crystal display (LCD) panel is battery operated with automatic cut-off – measuring accuracies of ±1 mm can be expected up to 5 m.

In use, the accuracy of a measuring tape will depend on:

• the clarity of its graduations;

• whether it is held in the correct plane (Fig. 1.2);

Fig. 1.1 Bosch digital measuring tape

Fig. 1.2 Using a tape measure

• the amount of, or lack of, tension being applied to the tape – very important when measuring long distances;

• readings being correctly taken from left to right.

Measurement errors frequently occur when measurements are transferred from drawing to site. An example of how errors can be reduced is shown in Fig. 1.3.

Figure 1.3(a) represents a plan view of individually dimensioned wall recesses. If, on transfer, one of these distances was wrongly measured it would not only affect the overall length of the wall, but also have a cumulative effect on all those measurements which followed.

Fig. 1.3 Transferring measurements from a drawing to site

For example, an error between points B and C would result in points D, E, F, and G being wrongly positioned.

Figure 1.3(b) shows how measurements can be transferred by using ‘running measurements’. The tape is run once from A to G (total length), all intermediate measurements are referred back to A as shown in the build-up of the running total.

1.1.2 Laser digital distance metres (Fig. 1.4)

These instruments are intended to measure distances (lengths, heights), a typical example of use is shown in Fig. 1.5. When required the instalment can also calculate areas and volumes.

They operate by projecting an intensive beam of light (laser beam) onto a wall or object. When switched on to the required programme (Fig. 1.4) the length of the beam is automatically measured, the resulting distance, area, or volume is then automatically portrayed onto the LCD panel.

Safety (also see section 1.7.8)

As with any instrument or tool using an exposed laser beam as described in Fig. 1.4, special safety precautions must be taken before and during their use; for example:

• Operating manual (operational safety instructions) must be read completely, understood, and strictly followed before the instrument or tool is used.

• Operatives must be informed of the operating dangers and protective measures.

• Never remove warning signs from the unit.

• Never look into a laser beam, especially not with optical aids such as glasses or binoculars, etc.

• Laser-viewing glasses are not protective glasses against laser beams.

Fig. 1.4 Bosch Laser ‘Rangefinder’

• Never direct a laser beam at persons or animals.

• Before using for the first time a practical demonstration of safe use must be given by a competent person.

1.1.3 Sloping sites

Figure 1.6 shows how horizontal measurements over sloping or obstructed ground are carried out. Pegs or posts are positioned on or driven into the ground to act as intermediate measuring stations, each distance is registered separately to produce a final running total.

As the ‘Rangefinder’ is moved horizontally or vertically from a solid object or surface – distances are registered on the LCD panel

Note: The instrument is also capable of measuring lengths by taking indirect readings

Fig. 1.5 Measuring distances using a Bosch Laser ‘Rangefinder’

Fig. 1.6 Measuring sloping sites

1.1.4 Transferring measurements

Simple measuring aids like those shown in Fig. 1.7 are very accurate and useful. Probably the simplest method as shown in Fig. 1.7(a) involves the use of a small-sectioned length of timber as a ‘rod’. In this case the actual brick reveal distances are transferred directly to the rod with a pencil or marker. Measurement transfers of this nature are often made from site to workshop where an item of joinery has to fit over or into a specific space or opening.

A ‘pinch rod’ (Fig. 1.7(b)), on the other hand, consists of two short lengths of timber, one of which slides on the other to enable its total length to be varied. This is ideal for measuring between openings – once set, the pieces are held in that position with nails or a cramp, etc.

As shown in Fig. 1.8 a more sophisticated method of taking either vertica...

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Foreword by W. R. Rose
• Foreword by David R. Winson
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• CHAPTER ONE SITE SETTING-OUT
• CHAPTER TWO FENCES AND HOARDING
• CHAPTER THREE FORMWORK (TEMPORARY WORK)
• CHAPTER FOUR TURNING PIECES AND ARCHED CENTRES UP TO 1-M SPAN
• CHAPTER FIVE GROUND FLOORS
• CHAPTER SIX SINGLE UPPER FLOORS
• CHAPTER SEVEN SINGLE TIMBER FLAT ROOFS
• CHAPTER EIGHT ROOFS OF EQUAL PITCH
• CHAPTER NINE PARTITIONS (NON-LOAD BEARING)
• CHAPTER TEN SCAFFOLDING
• Index