Handbook of Essential Oils

Science, Technology, and Applications

K. Husnu Can Baser, Gerhard Buchbauer, K. Husnu Can Baser, Gerhard Buchbauer

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780815370963
• eBook ISBN: 9781351246446
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Chemistry
• Index: Biological Sciences

Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications presents the development, use and marketing of essential oils. Exciting new topics include insecticidal applications, but there is a continued focus on the chemistry, pharmacology and biological activities of essential oils.

The third edition unveils new chapters including the insect repellent and insecticidal activities of essential oils, the synergistic activity with antibiotics against resistant microorganisms, essential oil applications in agriculture, plant-insect interactions, and pheromones and contaminants in essential oils.

Features

• Presents a wide range of topics including sources, production, analysis, storage, transport, chemistry, aromatherapy, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, technology, biotransformation, application, utilization, and trade
• Includes discussions of biological activity testing, results of antimicrobial and antioxidant tests, and penetration enhancing activities useful in drug delivery
• Covers up-to-date regulations and legislative procedures, together with the use of essential oils in perfumes, cosmetics, feed, food, beverages, and pharmaceutical industries
• Unveils new chapters including the insect repellent and insecticidal activities of essential oils, the synergistic activity with antibiotics against resistant microorganisms, essential oil applications in agriculture, plant-insect interactions, and pheromones and contaminants in essential oils
• The American Botanical Council (ABC) named the second edition as the recipient of the 2016 ABC James A. Duke Excellence in Botanical Literature Award and recognized that essential oils are one of the fastest growing segments of the herbal product market

1

Introduction

K. Hüsnü Can Başer and Gerhard Buchbauer

The overwhelming success of the first edition of the Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications had urged the publication of the second edition which was bestowed, in 2016, the ABC James A. Duke Excellence in Botanical Literature Award for the excellent contribution to the vast field of essential oils. This prestigious award by the American Botanical Council for the best book in botanical literature has prompted us to prepare a third edition of this Handbook.

As in the previous edition, updated chapters as well as completely new chapters have been included in the third edition. Some important chapters remained as such. Thus, we kept the contributions of the current Chapters 2, 5, 6, 9, 22, 23, 25, 32, and 33 as in the second edition. We skipped Chapters 15, 16, and 26 in the second edition of the Handbook, whereby the former Part Chapter 16, “Aromatherapy with Essential Oils”, has been substituted by Rhiannon Lewis (Chapter 13). In this edition, Chapters 4, 7, 10, 26, 30, and 31 have been updated, and many new contributions have been added, covering the commonly entitled “Biological activities of…” chapters in the form of six chapters. These are “Essential Oils in Cancer Therapy” (Chapter 14), then “Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils and Aromas” (Chapter 15), followed by “Quorum Sensing and Essential Oils” (Chapter 16), then “Essential Oils as Carrier Oils” (Chapter 27), and then two new (more chemically written) overviews, namely “Influence of Light on Essential Oil Constituents” and “Influence of Air on Essential Oil Constituents” (now Chapters 28 and 29). The new Chapter 19, entitled “Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils” is an overview written by a pharmacologist of the University of Vienna. The former Chapter 12 now has been substituted by the updated chapter “Central Nervous System Effects of Essential Oil Compounds” (now Chapter 11) and another, newly entitled, treatise, namely “Effects of Essential Oils on Human Cognition” (now Chapter 12). “Essential Oils and Volatiles in Bryophytes” is a new chapter (Chapter 21) by Agnieszka Ludwiczuk and Yoshinori Asakawa. “Functions of Essential Oils and Natural Volatiles in Plant–Insect Interactions” (Chapter 17) was contributed by R. Raguso. “Essential Oils as Lures for Invasive Ambrosia Beetles” (Chapter 18) is yet another new contribution. A useful new chapter for GC/MS analysts is entitled “Use of Linear Retention Indices in GC/MS Libraries for Essential Oil Analysis” (Chapter 8).

Also with this third edition, we hope that many scientists, especially in the fields of essential oils in botany, chemistry, pharmacognosy, medicine, clinical aromatherapy, and other relevant aspects of these natural products, will find these contributions not only alluring for their own research but also interesting to read and to find out what manifold properties essential oils have. Especially, also in this third edition, we want to provide a strong scientific basis for essential oils and to prevent any trace of esoteric ignorance.

2

History and Sources of Essential Oil Research

Karl-Heinz Kubeczka

Contents

2.1 Ancient Historical Background

2.2 First Systematic Investigations

2.3 Research during the Last Half Century

2.3.1 Essential Oil Preparation Techniques

2.3.1.1 Industrial Processes

2.3.1.2 Laboratory-Scale Techniques

2.3.1.3 Microsampling Techniques

2.3.2 Chromatographic Separation Techniques

2.3.2.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography

2.3.2.2 GC

2.3.2.3 Liquid Column Chromatography

2.3.2.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

2.3.2.5 Countercurrent Chromatography

2.3.3 Hyphenated Techniques

2.3.3.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2.3.3.2 High-Resolution GC-FTIR Spectroscopy

2.3.3.3 GC-UV Spectroscopy

2.3.3.4 Gas Chromatography-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

2.3.3.5 Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

2.3.3.6 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography

2.3.3.7 HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR Spectroscopy

2.3.3.8 Supercritical Fluid Extraction–Gas Chromatography

2.3.3.9 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography

2.3.3.10 Couplings of SFC-MS and SFC-FTIR Spectroscopy

2.3.4 Identification of Multicomponent Samples without Previous Separation

2.3.4.1 UV Spectroscopy

2.3.4.2 IR Spectroscopy

2.3.4.3 Mass Spectrometry

2.3.4.4 13C-NMR Spectroscopy

References

2.1 Ancient Historical Background

Plants containing essential oils have been used since furthest antiquities as spices and remedies for the treatment of diseases and in religious ceremonies because of their healing properties and their pleasant odors. In spite of the obscured beginning of the use of aromatic plants in prehistoric times to prevent, palliate, or heal sicknesses, pollen analyses of Stone Age settlements indicate the use of aromatic plants that may be dated to 10,000 bc.

One of the most important medical documents of ancient Egypt is the so-called Papyrus Ebers of about 1550 bc, a 20 m long papyrus, which was purchased in 1872 by the German Egyptologist G. Ebers, for whom it is named, containing some 700 formulas and remedies, including aromatic plants and plant products like anise, fennel, coriander, thyme, frankincense, and myrrh. Much later, the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 bc), who is referred to as the father of medicine, mentioned in his treatise Corpus Hippocratium approximately 200 medicinal plants inclusive of aromatic plants and described their efficacies.

One of the most important herbal books in history is the five-volume book De Materia Medica, written by the Greek physician and botanist Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40–90), who practiced in ancient Rome. In the course of his numerous travels all over the Roman and Greek world seeking for medicinal plants, he described more than 500 medicinal plants and respective remedies. His treatise, which may be considered a precursor of modern pharmacopoeias, was later translated into a variety of languages. Dioscorides, as well as his contemporary Pliny the Elder (23–79), a Roman natural historian, mention besides other facts turpentine oil and give some limited information on the methods in its preparation.

Many new medicines and ointments were brought from the east during the Crusades from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, and many herbals, whose contents included recipes for the use and manufacture of essential oil, were written during the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries.

Theophrastus von Hohenheim, known under the name Paracelsus (1493–1541), a physician and alchemist of the fifteenth century, defined the role of alchemy by developing medicines and extracts from healing plants. He believed distillation released the most desirable part of the plant, the Quinta essentia or quintessence by a means of separating the “essential” part from the “nonessential” containing its subtle and essential constituents. The currently used term “essential oil” still refers to the theory of Quinta essentia of Paracelsus.

The roots of distillation methods are attributed to Arabian Alchemists centuries with Avicenn...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: History and Sources of Essential Oil Research
• Chapter 3: Sources of Essential Oils
• Chapter 4: Natural Variability of Essential Oil Components
• Chapter 5: Production of Essential Oils
• Chapter 6: Chemistry of Essential Oils
• Chapter 7: Analysis of Essential Oils
• Chapter 8: Use of Linear Retention Indices in GC-MS Libraries for Essential Oil Analysis
• Chapter 9: Safety Evaluation of Essential Oils Constituent-Based Approach Utilized for Flavor Ingredients—An Update
• Chapter 10: Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
• Chapter 11: Central Nervous System Effects of Essential Oil Compounds
• Chapter 12: Effects of Essential Oils on Human Cognition
• Chapter 13: Aromatherapy: An Overview and Global Perspectives
• Chapter 14: Essential Oils in Cancer Therapy
• Chapter 15: Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils and Aroma Compounds against Airborne Microbes
• Chapter 16: Quorum Sensing and Essential Oils
• Chapter 17: Functions of Essential Oils and Natural Volatiles in Plant-Insect Interactions
• Chapter 18: Essential Oils as Lures for Invasive Ambrosia Beetles
• Chapter 19: Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils
• Chapter 20: Adulteration of Essential Oils
• Chapter 21: Essential Oils and Volatiles in Bryophytes
• Chapter 22: Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Microorganisms, Insects, and Mammals
• Chapter 23: Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
• Chapter 24: Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture
• Chapter 25: Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine
• Chapter 26: Encapsulation and Other Programmed/Sustained-Release Techniques for Essential Oils and Volatile Terpenes
• Chapter 27: Essential Oils as Carrier Oils
• Chapter 28: Influence of Light on Essential Oil Constituents
• Chapter 29: Influence of Air on Essential Oil Constituents
• Chapter 30: The Essential Oil Trade
• Chapter 31: Industrial Uses of Essential Oils
• Chapter 32: Storage, Labeling, and Transport of Essential Oils
• Chapter 33: Recent EU Legislation on Flavours and Fragrances and Its Impact on Essential Oils
• Index